The American Revolution - 1448 Words

As we all know there were many events that led to the American Revolution and many things changed over time. In this paper I will be looking at a couple of important documents and analyzing them in my own opinion. I will be looking at The American Promise that was talked about in chapter 6, the Virtual Representation of 1775, and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense document and lastly the Declaration of Independence. I will be giving my honest interpretation and telling how I think these documents affected us during the 1700’s. During the years of 1763 through 1775 there were a bunch of events that led to the conflict between colonial America and Great Britain. Great Britain at the time was becoming one of the strongest nations and was creating more land around the globe. When they were trying to expand their territory they needed a way to get funds to support this action. Without money or a steady income they wouldn’t be able to expand and become as strong as they plan ned. The Proclamation of 1763 was in favor of the British government. What this act did was keep the American colonists from going over the Appalachian Mountains and starting problems or arguments with the French and Native Americans who lived there. Basically what this established was boundaries between the thirteen colonies and the Mountains. This of course started small arguments with the colonists because they obviously wanted to expand and grow but they thought the British were keeping all the land toShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution999 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1770 and 1776, resistance to imperial change turned into a full-on revolution. The American Revolution, also known as the Revolutionary War, was a time of revolting and political uprising, in which the 13 colonies separated from the British Empire, forming the independent nation known as the United States of America. Though the American Revolution began because the colonies wanted independence from Britain, many important historical events and revolts also lead to the tensions and resistanceRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1362 Words   |  6 PagesEvery 4th of July, Americans are told the story of the American Revolution. We remember the oppressed colonists fighting against the tyrannical King George III and the formidable red coats. Patriotic heroes are remembered, evil kings are cursed, and the liberties and freedoms won from the war are celebrated. Though America often likes to look back to the revolution, the question of just how much a revolution was the American Revolution is rarely asked. While the American revolution was not as radicalRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution863 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different views on how the American Revolution came to be and how it actually was. One way is that the colonists that had money and were known as the elite were trying to preserve their power from the British and this is what caused the revolutionary war. Then on the other hand bef ore the revolutionary war occurred when the colonists were being over controlled by the British, then in result of the American Revolution the colonists were able to win against the British and become strongerRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1582 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.† - John Adams, 1818 This quote means that the revolution actually took place metaphorically before the actually fighting began. It took place in the emotions and thoughts of the Americans. The Road to Revolution After the Seven Years’ War created a financial problem for Britain The British tried to shoulder some of the financial responsibilities onto the Americas in the form of variousRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesIn regards to the American Revolution, the point that armed rebellion became inevitable arrived when after nearly five constant years of American colonist protesting. American s had enough and needed to take a stand for the numerous inequalities they were forced to deal with. It was foreseeable that the American Revolution took place due to the unfair taxes that the British were giving Americans. Also, England was not allowing Americans their freedom, along with violence and the political dominanceRead MoreThe American Revolution. The American Revolution Started1581 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution The American Revolution started when King George the 3rd decided to make the American Colonies pay a large amount of money for the debt of the French and Indian War by giving the colonist different types of taxes like the Sugar Act in 1764. The sugar Act of 1764 was a British Law that was passed on April 5, 1764, that collected incomes from the 13 colonies. The act put a huge tax on the sugar and molasses that were imported into the colonies which were a huge impact for theRead MoreThe American Revolution1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution was much more than an insurrection against British tariffs and patronage decree. Rather, it was a bureaucratic catastrophe in which colonists from the thirteen American colonies denied the British sovereignty, eradicated the jurisdiction of Great Britain and established the United States of America. The upheaval was a primitive modern revolution in which generality traversed for liberty in the statute of law, constitutional privilege and supremacy. Ensuing years of contentionRead MoreThe American Revolution889 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was one of the most vital events in American History lasting form 1775 to 1783, it effected the nation socially, economically and politically. The American Revolution brought upon many changes in America, and freedom of the nation. The Revolutionary War was a stepping stone to what we are as a nation today, it created both short and long-term effects on the world. When wanting to blame a certain side, the British politicians or the American agitators, several key points leadRead MoreThe American Revolution993 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of the American Revolution is a topic that has been discussed on multiple levels and is extremely well-known, especially within the United States. The details are a little on the generic and basic side but it is at least understood on some level. Most people are aware of the American standpoint, the what, why, how, and when , but there is much more depth to what occurred. The war was obviously between the Americas and the Mother country of Britain, but there were more than just those two

Nursing Code of Ethics Essay - 1052 Words

Nursing Code of Ethics Introduction Butts and Rich (1-26) point out that effective nursing requires both broad knowledge and a set of well developed abilities and skills. The required tasks, are many and varied and in order to do them properly, care must be taken to respect each patients rights and sensitivities. This is why, according to the authors, nursing care must be guided by a code of ethics. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and discussion of the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements developed by the American Association of Nurses (ANA 1-2). Content and Clarity of the Code The ANAs Code of Ethics (1-2) consists of several ethical statements called provisions. There are a total†¦show more content†¦However, Fry and Veatch (32) also point out that the Code relies, to at least some extent, on the principles underlying humanist, feminist, and social ethics. The American Nurses Associations Code of Ethics (2) also defines and distinguishes the terms ethical and moral thereby helping nurses to better understand the nature of the principles provided. Specifically, it is noted that: Ethical is used to refer to reasons for decisions about how one ought to act, using the above mentioned approaches. In general, the word moral overlaps with ethical but is more aligned with personal belief and cultural values. Statements that describe activities and attributes of nurses in this Code of Ethics are to be understood as normative or prescriptive statements expressing expectations of ethical behavior (2). Process According to Hook and White (1-7), the ANAs Code of Ethics was originally drawn up and adopted by the organization in 1926. However, during this era this code merely consisted of suggestions for proper and ethical behavior. In 1940, a tentative code consisting of a substantive revision of the earlier code was drawn up and accepted unanimously by the ANA House of Delegates. This code was revised and amended repeatedly over the next decades until in 2001, the existingShow MoreRelatedThe Nursing Code Of Ethics Essay839 Words   |  4 Pagesall careers have a specific code and level of ethics which are incorporated into the daily responsibilities one is expected to perform in their chosen field. For the basis of this paper, I have chosen to write about the nursing code of ethics. Nursing has a professional code of ethics along with the level/employee behavior usually being currently attainable, meaning that the behavior expected is normally exhibited by individuals. (Manias 508). Howev er, although nursing seems to require behavior thatRead MoreThe Nursing Code Of Ethics Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesAs described in Black, ethics and morals are defining characteristics that guide nursing care. Each play a particular role in the efficacy of each nurse and the way he or she performs within the scope of practice. Morals are established as a rule of conduct in any situation provided and once a nurse is aware of one’s personal beliefs and values, safe and effective client care can be delivered through ethical decision making. Ethical decision making involves a critical analysis of actions beforeRead MoreCode of Ethics - Nursing1475 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral norms which nurses are expected to adhere to and embrace. In a nursing profession, daily decisions have real impact on other people’s lives. The responsibility of such decisions creates the need for nurses to have knowledge and skills that enable them to not only provide physical and psychological care, but also to critique and reflect on the standard of health care practices. For the nurses to do this, they must understand ethics and ways in which to utilize this knowledge in a constructive andRead MoreThe Nursing Code Of Ethics895 Words   |  4 PagesTypically, all careers have a specific code and level of ethics which are incorporated into the daily responsibilities one is expected to perform in their chosen field. For the basis of this paper, I have chosen to write about the nursing code of ethics. Nursing has a professional code along with the level/employee behavior usually being currently attainable, which means that the behavior expected is normally exhibited by individuals. (Manias 508). However, although nursing seems to require behavior thatRead MoreCode of Ethics - Nursing1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral norms which nurses are expected to adhere to and embrace. In a nursing profession, daily decisions have real impact on other people’s lives. The responsibility of such decisions creates the need for nurses to have knowledge and skills that enable them to not only provide physical and psychological care, but also to critique and reflect on the standard of health care practices. For the nurses to do this, they must understand ethics and ways in which to utilize this knowledge in a constructive andRead MoreCodes of Ethics in Nursing3690 Words   |  15 PagesCODE OF ETHICS IN NURSING * The fundamental responsibility of the nurse is fourfold: to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering. * The need for nursing is universal. Inherent in nursing is respect for life, dignity and the rights of man. It is unrestricted by consideration of nationality, race, creed, color, age sex, politics, or social status. * Nurses render health services to the individual, the family and the community and coordinate theirRead MoreForensic Nursing Codes Of Ethics1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe profession of nursing has many vast specialties. Although every specialty, including forensic nursing, has its unique population and scope of practice, every field of nursing can and should utilize the Codes of Ethics from the American Nurses Association. The 2015 Code â€Å"addresses individual as well as collective nursing intentions and actions; it requires each nurse to demonstrate ethical competence in professional life† (ANA, 2015, p. 7). This code can be broken down into nine provisions whichRead MoreNursing Code Of Ethics Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Nursing code of ethics was developed as a guide in carrying out nursing responsibilities in a matter consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession (ANA, 2015). The term ethics refers to the study of philosophical ideas of right and wrong behavior (Olin, 2012). There is a total of nine provisions however, throughout this paper I will discuss provisions one through four and express how I plan to utilize these provisions as a new RN. These provisionsRead MoreNursing Is A Code Of Conduct Or Ethics Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesIn any occupation there lies a code of conduct or ethics by which we represent ourselves to our peers, supervisors, and the public. It is within that set of behavior that will determine how people are viewed, treated and impacted. Nursing requires characteristics of professionalism that are detrimental to the outcome of patient care and safety. In the early 1800s, nursing was considered as a position held by people that were dishonest, unfavorable and illiterate. This all changed after Florence NightingaleRead MoreThe Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nursing2525 Words   |  10 PagesGuide to the Code of Ethics for Nursing and address the following objectives. 1. Explain the relationship between Codes of Ethics and Professional Identity? The Code of Ethics and the Professional Identity assume a dependent relationship. Without one the other could not stand alone. When we search for the professional identity of a career we also look at how they were established and what boundaries do they follow. In nursing, as stated by the American Nurses Association â€Å"a code of ethics stands as

Project Performance Improvement Online Communication

Question: Describe about the Project Performance Improvement for Online Communication. Answer: Introduction: Personality and motivation are such factors which work as an internal driving force for people in organizations and other institutions involved in projects (Ovsiy 2013). Successful projects are those which are completed within the stipulated time frame and boundaries of scope. Cost and quality too are important factors that need to be taken due care of in completing projects successfully (Ferris et al. 2013). Projects when considered bad or unsuccessful is a huge loss for the team involved in it and at times can be difficult in dealing with it. There are situations when completed projects are deemed as unsatisfactory or unsuccessful due to heavy cost incurred, much more than the budget fixed for such a project and overrun of schedule. Every organization or other teams that are involved in projects should think of better ideas, methods and structures in managing live projects. The behavior of people is considered one such factor which plays a crucial role in making projects successful. Among the behavior of people, two main attributes are motivation and personality which is essential, and needs proper understanding from the project manager or leaders point of view (Pinder 2014). In the recent scenario where projects too have become cross cultural, it is important to understand the behavior and emotions of people attached with such projects. Such stories have been quite common where project managers or leaders have sleepless nights due to behavior of people, where lack of trust, laid back team members and struggling to change can jeopardize work. It is the responsibility of project managers or leaders to apply techniques which are people centric, which will help them in managing the behavioral aspects of people in a successful manner. In this report, I will share a live project incident that I was part of, where motivation and personality factors played a huge part in completion of the project and that too right on time. The Live Project with Motivation and Personality factors: Our group consisted of four people and the topic provided to us was how an organization can be made successful and how an individual should be working in groups. We selected to work with a FMCG company in Australia for some days to get the same feel as their employees and luckily we were allowed by one among many to have a real experience. We went through a lot of books and articles and got hold of something by the name of Belbins Profiles, where motivational and leadership information was provided, and that a group should make a legislative body to select a leader. Being a leader is not easy; one has to have the required quality and personality to become one. Such key roles can be categorized as team worker, resource investigator, monitor, coordinator, shaper, complete finisher, specialist and plant (Belbin and Roles 2012). It is based on the respective profiles and the requirements needed for being leader of such profiles, determine the person who will be leader of the pack. For ex ample the duty of a complete finisher is to finish projects without any ambiguity. The shapers role is to deal with the presentation of monitor, coordinator and most importantly how the structure would look like of the team. The team worker is given the responsibility to ensure a healthy and cordial relationship is maintained between co-workers. Every role has its own profile criteria that need to be maintained and fulfilled in order to achieve success in the project. Every team has these members who have vital role to play in the team. The roles can be reversed and interchanged but a team leader needs to select the best possible people for playing such roles. Introvert people can never be shaper, aggressive people with bit of extrovert in him will be ill suited for the role of a complete finisher. Adverse situations can also arise when two managers play the same role, where there will be conflict of interest. Such things are better avoided, because if they are not it lets down the morale of the team. The team is only going to suffer and they will not be reluctant to get much involved between the conflicts of the two, because sometimes taking sides can be a major problem in organizations (Mendenhall and Osland 2012). But the organization I was along with my group, such incidents never occurred during our tenure. We were duly helped by the HR Manager, Mr. Richard. A man with great communication and HR skills, he surely knew how to manage people, and get the best out of them. Not so with the Development manager, Mr. Tom, who liked being alone and was an aggressor. Importance of Motivation, Emotion and Personality: According to Heinrichs, Oser and Lovat (2013), it is difficult to understand a human mind which sometimes exhibit different emotions which are hard to understand and control. Emotion is such a factor that motivates people either in a positive way or in a negative way. Emotion of people poses a real challenge for project managers and leaders who are in charge of the teams performance and well being. Emotion leads to motivation, where a motivated team member or employee exercise a particular level of effort dedicated towards a particular goal for a certain time period. Motivation is generally based on three concepts which are namely extrinsic motivation, intrinsic and self control. Extrinsic motivation is something that comes from the outer environment or outside the player. Its not money that always work as a motivational factor, they are other things too which are negative in nature but injects a positivity in the minds of people. Team members sometimes get motivated while doing live projects in fear of facing retribution or punishment if their performance is not up to the level where it should be. Intrinsic motivation is something that is derived while performing the task itself. Self control motivation states a situation where a person does not perform certain tasks in projects despite being highly intelligent. Motivational and Personality Theories: To understand motivation, we need to look into the theory of The Hierarchy of Needs as was developed by Maslow in the year 1940 (Jerome 2013). This theory stated that the needs of humans are formed into five groups staying together taking the shape of pyramid (Miner 2015). Physiological Needs: This needs form the base of the pyramid and takes into account the basic human needs including food, education, and medical care. While doing or being involved in projects the basic need for a team can be to have a good and proper working environment and providing salary to their employees (Taormina and Gao 2013). While doing the live project, I along with my group members found out that an employee works better in an organization when provided with an environment where he can flourish the most. Salary then becomes the motivational factor for that person. The live project was for 45 days and the manager was kind enough to provide us with a stipend that in turn motivated us to work on a serious note. Security Needs: it takes into account the way people feels safe, having a secure job. Organizations can help their employees out by providing them with job continuity, proper retirement plans and health insurance schemes. While doing the live project I along with my two team members got to know that companies are tying up with insurance agencies like Bupa for providing health insurance. Belongingness Needs: A sense of belongingness is what matters. For a team member and an employee the biggest thing is to have a feel that he/she belongs to that team or is an important member of the same. It is up to the managers, leaders and supervisors to encourage the work in group, ensure a proper communication is being followed in the group and increase their own interaction with the group (Lee and Hanna 2015). If proper communication is maintained by the supervisors and managers, the whole group feels motivated to work well. During our live project, I came to this conclusion that the organizations where there is existence of proper communication channel between the group and the supervisor, work becomes easy. During that tenure of ours, each day we were told to report either to the HR Manager or to the Development Manager on what we observed in the organization, what is lacking and what can be improved. The HR Manager was pretty good and so was his communication skill. He never let us feel that we were meager university boys trying to complete our project work. He was patient enough to hear our views and opinions and did rectify us where we went wrong. It did not took us long to find out that he was one of the popular HR managers of the company for the kind of behavior he shows to his people and motivates them enough for better performance. The Development Manager was opposite to what the HR Manager was, he did not treat us in the same manner like the HR Manager. In those 45 days we could only meet him around 8-9 times as he presented himself as a much busier person than he actually was. We were not comfortable in meeting him and sharing our views because of his stubbornness. While being there I personally felt that some of the employees too was not comfortable with the Development Manager. Whenever he was not around the employees use to share a joke or two about him, but I failed to notice anything like that in case of the HR Manager. My group was part of two board meetings in that company, and the board meeting scenario gave us a clearer picture. The development manager was abusive, never singled out anyone during the meeting to know where he was having problem or what was bothering him in the organization. His point of view about a group project is that, in a group not everyone has the same talent or intelligence. If one is lacking, the others need to cover him up, but the employee who is lacking needs to motivate himself in order to survive. On the other hand, the HR Manager was calm and composed. He used to believe in the unity of the team, where each member plays an important role in achieving success. If somebody in the team is lacking he should be taken due care of, provided with proper feedbacks and point him out where he is going wrong and how it should be done. It is the duty of the manager to motivate his people in a group if his chips are down. Esteem Needs: it can be internal in nature as well as external. Internal takes into account the needs related to self esteem like self respect and achievement. External focuses on the needs of recognition and social status. This needs if satisfied injects a feeling of self confidence among people. The HR team has implemented various schemes in the company where every significant contribution made by employees is being recognized and rewarded. The Quality Assurance Manager did praise my group for coming up with a good and valuable report on what the company is lacking and the possible recommendations that can be suggested to improve the companys market condition. On the recommendation of the Quality Assurance Manager, we were provided with some cash rewards which proved that our work has received recognition and we have been successful in achieving something noteworthy. Moreover, we understood the value of time as we had to finish the report and present it in front of the board member s within a very short time span. We were sometimes put under extreme pressure to deliver such results. Self Actualization Needs: the last or the highest level of hierarchy states that a person should be the one which he wants to be, like a musician has to be a musician, he cannot be anything else (Ozguner and Ozguner 2014). It has been stated if all the above needs of people are satisfied, then there is nothing lot to do for managers or leaders except making sure that the job is a challenging one for the individual. It can be concluded that as we move up the pyramid, instances where the supervisors and managers assist in satisfying the needs of the employees and motivate them in improving their job performance can be seen. McClelland Theory of Needs: McClelland recognized three motivation factors that human beings do have in them. Achievement: An achiever is someone who takes calculated risks in accomplishing their goals and is in the habit of working alone (Alvesson 2012). He is the person who needs a regular feedback on his work progress and achievements. He likes setting challenging goals. The Development Manager can fit in this category. He liked being alone and was very challenging, though his ways were disliked by many, but in an organizational group, one would always come across such individuals. Affiliation: An Affiliate is a person who does not indulge in high risk activities and favors collaboration (Mangi, Kanasro and Burdi 2015). He has to feel the sense of belongingness within a group and will follow whatever the rest of the people in the group will do. Power: he is someone who likes winning arguments and enjoys competition unlike the affiliate. He likes controlling and influencing others. It is important to share an incident that I witnessed while working in that company for the live project. During one of the Board meeting, the Sales Manager praised a lady staff for her achievement. She was being congratulated by all, but she did not revert back with a smile, and kind of looked embarrassed. Instead of appreciating the attention and congratulatory remarks she received, she lowered her head as vanished to her cabin. I was left wondering what happened to her that she left in that manner when she was being praised. After the meeting got over, the HR Manager did make me understand what really went wrong with the lady. The lady belongs to the Affiliate class which states that she does not like standing out in a crowd. The feed or appreciation would have better served had it been in private rather than being in public. It is important as a manager to know what motivates his team, or how they react to a criticism and praise (Ogarc?, Cr?ciun and Mihai 2015). Identification of drivers becomes important, which is based on personality and past actions of people. There are people in meetings who will influence others, persuade them to do something and entrusts responsibilities for others to achieve goals. He is someone whom we can recognize as driven by power. Then there are people who will talk less or not talk at all in meetings, feel uncomfortable if assigned with high risk projects and strive hard in managing conflicts, representing the affiliation group. Herzbergs ERG theory: This theory classified job factors in two groups: -Hygiene factors: Existence of motivation at workplace leads to hygiene job factors. Absence of such factors from workplace often leads to dissatisfaction (Yusoff, Kian and Idris 2013). Some of the hygiene factors include: Pay: the salary structure must be in accordance to the industry standards and reasonable too. Though such insights were difficult to reach in the company, we later found out that the organization had a good pay scale (Caulton 2012). Physical working conditions: Proper working condition should be provided for employees where they feel safe and hygienic. Everything from machine to other equipments should be well maintained ad updated. The company I and my group went into had everything updated and upgraded. Status: I found out from past reports that employees in the mentioned organization are retained if their performance is not below par over the years. Job Security: Employees working in the FMCG Company does have job security until they are performing way below expectation. It is also mentioned in the Company policies that any employee managing below par performances will be given three chances to rectify themselves and match the expected level through proper company guidance. -Motivational factors: A sense of positivity where employees are motivated to perform at a superior level. My group was motivated with the recognition we got with our report on the company, we tried to impress them even more. The factors include everything from responsibility to recognition to sense of achievement. Personality factors: Sigmund Freuds human personality is complex in nature (Westenberg, Blasi. and Cohn 2013). The Id: The source of all psychic energy, Id, is personalitys primary component. It is stated to be the only component which is present in an individual from his birth. It is unconscious in nature and takes into account the primitive behaviors. Id states that some needs are to be immediately fulfilled which is not possible all the time (Ryckman 2012). The Ego: The personalitys component which is which is accountable for dealing with the reality. The functionality of ego takes place in the preconscious, conscious and unconscious mind (Siddiqui 2015). The working process of ego depends on the reality principle. Ego sometimes works as a mental block among the group members of a team. Egoistic people are driven by recognition and a desire to have greater influence. My group member has this ego problem, though it is difficult to predict under what mind he gets egoistic. During the live project work his egoistic nature has created a bit of issue for the team. The Super Ego: the last one of personality type is superego. Judgments are being made on the basis of guidelines provided by superego (Schultz and Schultz 2016). The superego too is present in conscious, preconscious and unconscious state of mind. Situations may arise due to rise in conflict of the id, ego and superego matters. Freud mentioned ego strength as a way it functions (Friedman. and Schustack 2013). Good ego strength people will manage pressure situations effectively, whereas people with less ego strength will find it difficult (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons 2013). Conclusion: This paper has been a personal reflection of me, and what I witnessed along with my group in those 45 days. The project was a long one, but it made me understand things in a better way. People in an organization belong to all kinds of culture and have different attitudes and personality, it is up to the project manager and other supervisors to handle them in the best possible way. Real life situations in organizations presents better scenario in understanding the motivational and personality factors that plays a role in the organizations. The project we set out to do was accomplished in time. I am a much better person now with a bit of more understanding that has been injected in me during these 45 days. The project taught me the value of time. Reference: Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Belbin, R.M. and Roles, T., 2012. Who does what?.Online Communication and Collaboration: A Reader. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Caulton, J.R., 2012. The development and use of the theory of erg: A literature review.Emerging Leadership Journeys,5(1), pp.2-8. Ferris, D.L., Johnson, R.E., Rosen, C.C., Djurdjevic, E., Chang, C.H.D. and Tan, J.A., 2013. When is success not satisfying? Integrating regulatory focus and approach/avoidance motivation theories to explain the relation between core self-evaluation and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), p.342. Fitzsimmons, J. and Fitzsimmons, M., 2013.Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Friedman, H.S. and Schustack, M.W., 2013.Personality: Pearson New International Edition: Classic Theories and Modern Research. Pearson Higher Ed. Heinrichs, K., Oser, F. and Lovat, T. eds., 2013.Handbook of moral motivation: theories, models, applications(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Jerome, N., 2013. Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Lee, J.M. and Hanna, S.D., 2015. Savings Goals and Saving Behavior From a Perspective of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning,26(2), pp.129-147. Mangi, A.A., Kanasro, H.A. and Burdi, M.B., 2015. MOTIVATION TOOLS AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS: A CRITICLE ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES.The Government-Annual Research Journal of Political Science.,4(4). Mendenhall, M.E. and Osland, J., 2012.Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Ogarc?, R., Cr?ciun, L. and Mihai, L., 2015. THE INFLUENCE OF THE BEHAVIORAL PROFILE UPON THE MANAGEMENT TEAM'S PERFORMANCE.Annals of the University of Craiova, Economic Sciences Series,1. Ovsiy, A., 2013. Motivation in Today's Workplace. , (18), pp.161-162. Ozguner, Z. and Ozguner, M., 2014. A Managerial Point of View on the Relationship between of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg's Dual Factor Theory.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(7). Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Ryckman, R.M., 2012.Theories of personality. Cengage Learning. Schultz, D.P. and Schultz, S.E., 2016.Theories of personality. Cengage Learning. Siddiqui, R., 2015. Influence of organizational culture dependence_proneness, rigidity_flexibility on need_satisfaction. Taormina, R.J. and Gao, J.H., 2013. Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs.The American journal of psychology,126(2), pp.155-177. Westenberg, P.M., Blasi, A. and Cohn, L.D. eds., 2013.Personality development: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical investigations of Loevinger's conception of ego development. Psychology Press. Yusoff, W.F.W., Kian, T.S. and Idris, M.T.M., 2013. Herzbergs Two Factors Theory On Work Motivation: Does Its Work For Todays Environment.Global journal of commerce and Management,2(5), pp.18-22.

Assess The Arguments For The No-self Doctrine. free essay sample

Are Annata And Karma Reconcilable? Essay, Research Paper The Buddhist theory of no-self ( annata ) is possibly one of the most foreign, complex and misunderstood constructs for the westerner to hold on. Essentially the # 8220 ; no ego # 8221 ; refers to the denial of a psyche. In this sense the psyche is # 8220 ; the abiding, separate, invariably bing and indestructible entity which is by and large believed to be found in adult male # 8230 ; it is the mind of all his ideas, the actor of all his workss and the manager of the being by and large # 8221 ; ( Malalasckera 1957 ) . Buddhists assert that you can merely be happy once you have discarded the position of a ego ; a self-contradictory state of affairs that seems absurd. The Buddhists see the thought of # 8220 ; I # 8221 ; as a figment of the imaginativeness with nil existent to match to it. If I conjure up another figment of imaginativeness like the thought of # 8220 ; belonging # 8221 ; the # 8220 ; I # 8221 ; concludes that some part of the universe belongs to me. The philosophy of annata assumes two basic propositions ; that nil in world corresponds to words like # 8220 ; I # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; mine # 8221 ; , as there is no fact in ego and that nil in our empirical ego is worthy of being regarded as the existent ego. `There are three basic ways of sing the ego. These are best summarised by a prima figure in Reformed Buddhism, Nyanatiloka, who says: # 8220 ; there are three instructors in the universe. The first instructor teaches the being of an ageless ego-entity outstanding decease: that of the eternalist, as for illustration the Christian. The 2nd instructor teaches a impermanent ego-entity which becomes annihilated at decease: that is the annihilationist, or materialist. The 3rd instructor teaches neither an ageless nor a impermanent ego-entity: that is the Buddha. Annata is an indispensable point of Buddhist doctrine, and is interestingly alone to about all other beliefs and doctrines in the universe today ( with the possible excl usion of David Hume, some 2000 old ages subsequently ) . The importance of annata to Buddhists and it # 8217 ; s deductions for all human actions, moralss and ethical motives is reeling. Rahula, a Sinhala monastic, believes that a position of a lasting self/soul is # 8220 ; the beginning of all the problems in the universe # 8230 ; in short, to this false position can be traced all the immorality in the universe # 8221 ; ( Rahula 1967 ) . In this essay I hope to carry through a figure of things. First to supply the statements for the no-self theory and explicate how Buddhists construct personality. Second, I intend to look at the statements rebuting annata, particularly Descartes # 8220 ; I think hence I am # 8221 ; . Third, I hope to pull some analogues to Buddhism with Western doctrine and eventually reason the essay. `An of import portion of understanding how Buddha came to disregard the construct of ego is to see how he constructed the personality of the person. Buddhist # 8217 ; s sketch five factors ( Khanda # 8217 ; s ) which relate to a province of grasping and fond regard that identifies with # 8220 ; I # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; myself # 8221 ; . The first is rupa, material form, which takes its signifier in the outer universe or in the life organic structure. It is composed of Earth, air current, fire and H2O that are the constituents from which are castanetss, flesh and tissue are created etc. The other khanda # 8217 ; s are all mental in nature. The 2nd factor, vedanna, is # 8220 ; experiencing # 8221 ; ; the pleasant, unpleasant or apathetic # 8220 ; gustatory sensation # 8221 ; of an experience. The 3rd khanda is sanna, or knowledge, which allows us to label things # 8220 ; adult male # 8221 ; # 8220 ; blue # 8221 ; # 8220 ; tomato # 8221 ; etc It informs us of what we are witting of. Sankhara ( building activity ) refers to mental provinces that initiate action ; like attending, choler and most significantly # 8220 ; will # 8 221 ; . The concluding khanda, vinnana, is discriminatory consciousness, or outlook ( see subsequently ) . Via speculation and virtuousness, it is possible to exceed the reading of # 8220 ; self # 8221 ; which the khanda # 8217 ; s supply and make Nibbana ( a lasting province of cloud nine ) . `What so are the statements which support annata? In Brahmanical idea, the ego could achieve cosmopolitan power through attained cognition. Buddha denied the being of such a ego by claiming we had no such control over it. In the # 8220 ; discourse on the features of not-self # 8221 ; ( Anattalakkhana Sutta ) the Buddha uses the illustration of a organic structure, the first khanda rupa, to turn out his point: ` # 8221 ; organic structure, monastics, is not-self. Were it self, the organic structure would non endure affliction, and one could hold of organic structure `let my organic structure be this, allow my organic structure be that` # 8221 ; . Due to the of course altering behavior of our organic structures, for which we have no control, the ill-conceived constructs of # 8220 ; I am organic structure # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; organic structure is mine # 8221 ; is clearly false and causes heartache, enduring and anxiousness. The Buddha is evidently mentioning to malformations, disease, old age and necessarily decease every bit good as more fiddling things such as attraction, hair coloring material etc. The five khanda # 8217 ; s are not-self because we have no voluntary control or way over them. `Buddha extends his statement by proposing what is temporary, unsatisfactory and capable to alter could non perchance be regarded as ego. In the undermentioned discourse with another monastic, he argues ; ` # 8221 ; Is what is temporary satisfactory or unsatisfactory? # 8221 ; ` # 8221 ; unsatisfactory, sir. # 8221 ; `Is it suiting to see what is temporary, unsatisfactory and capable to alter as `this is mine, this I am this is my self` ? # 8221 ; ` # 8221 ; No sir # 8221 ; . ( Anattalakkana Sutta ) `The statement which Buddha is basically seting forward is anything which comes into being from an unsatisfactory, random and impermanent beginning could non logically or perchance take on to the creative activity of something governable, lasting and satisfied. `Another statement for annata concerns the ways in which you can see the construct of ego. A monastic, Ananda, was badly criticised by Buddha for believing there were three possible ways of carry throughing this undertaking. They were experiencing s regarded every bit indistinguishable to self ( feeling is self ) , self without experiencing ( the ego is insensate ) or neither except # 8220 ; my ego has the property of experiencing # 8221 ; . Buddha believed this position was incorrect on a figure of histories. To get down with feelings were of three types ( vedana ) ; pleasant, painful and impersonal. Because these feelings are temporary so the ego would hold to be excessively, and becaus e it is assumed that the ego is of a lasting nature, so clearly self can non be experiencing. Buddha # 8217 ; s counter to the statement that the ego is insensate is merely to state that it would be impossible to state # 8220 ; I am # 8221 ; where there is no feeling at all. In response to the statement that the ego is able to experience, or have the capacity to experience, he answers: # 8220 ; whe re feeling is completely absent†¦might one be able to say `this is what I am?`†. As this is not possible the idea is dismissed. `Paticca-samuppada, the continuity of experience as explained by the â€Å"dependent Origination† is another argument which supports the no-self hypothesis. For Buddhists, the agent behind experience (such as consciousness) is replaced by impersonal conditioned elements. Consciousness is defined â€Å"according to the condition through which it arises†. This is compared to the analogy that a fire is named after the fuel that feeds it ; â€Å"grass fire†, â€Å"oil-fire†, â€Å"forest-fire† etc. These elements form a twelve fold sequence which embodies the succession of events and lives in the â€Å"round of rebirth†, without the concept of reincarnating the individual. Consciousness is not a permanent, unchanging self, but rather a condition created by it’s environment. `One of the most famous arg uments against the no-self theory is Descartes â€Å"Cogito ergo sum† (I think therefore I am). The reasoning behind this relatively simple statement seemed undeniable proof of the existence of â€Å"self†. Even if you think of not existing or not thinking, you are still aware of yourself, an â€Å"I†, doing the task. For Descartes, this was the first undeniable fact from which he could discover the truth. The argument is perhaps more clearly demonstrated by the story of a student who reads too much metaphysics. He becomes unsettled when he discovers that he has no proof of his existence and in desperation asks his lecturer â€Å"do I exist?†, to which the lecturer replies â€Å"who’s asking the question†. Although the answer presumably satisfies the student, the argument which Descartes put forth is actually flawed. His original argument is confused by the grammatical terminology of the word â€Å"I†. There is no need for the â€Å" I† in â€Å"I think† to refer to anything. According to Buddhism, Descartes was merely aware of thinking, not that â€Å"I† was doing the thinking. He could have, and perhaps should have said â€Å"there is thinking therefore there are thoughts†. Without the â€Å"I† there is no evidence of a self involved. The common reply to this counter argument is that the term â€Å"think† requires â€Å"I† as a subject to the verb. However, this is also flawed as it is only a grammatical convention and the word â€Å"it† could be replaced with â€Å"I† which again would not imply a subject/self. `Another argument which places some scepticism on the theory of annata is a claim that the no-self theory is merely another ontological phenomena created for the sole purpose of undermining Brahmanism and Jainism whilst simultaneously acting as a component of faith akin to Western religions. Buddha’s spiritual quest can be seen as a s earch to identify and liberate a person’s true self : atman. Such an entity was thought to be a persons inner nature, a permanent source of true happiness. In Brahmanism, atman was seen as the universal self identical with Brahman, whilst in Jainism it was seen as Jiva, the individual life principle. However, as I have already described earlier, the Buddha has clearly laid forward many argument to dismiss the permanent nature of the self. If you consider religion to be a man made creation which fills a social function then you can understand Buddha’s reasons for denying the self. If he thought he had discovered a way of living which reduced the suffering he observed around him, then he would need to undermine people’s faith in the two leading religions of his time (Brahmanism and Jainism) in order to convert them. The theory of no-self fits this role perfectly for it attacks the core assumptions of these religions (and unbeknownst to Buddha, most western religio ns as well) whilst providing a goal (Nibbana) which is just as impossible to prove or falsify as heaven or hell. `Some critics have also attacked the no-self doctrine on a supposed contradiction between karma and annata. Buddhist karmic theory states that people undergo more than one life, sometimes maintaining memories and behaviours after death. This would seem to suggest some permanent self within us which transcends death but annata clearly refutes such a claim. It would seem logical then to conclude that one of these concepts must be wrong, yet this is not the case, for once again it is a matter of interpretation. One way of looking at this argument is the difference between speaking convention and philosophical truth. Reference to death is a convenient and useful expression yet it does not imply a permanent self. The reason for this, is simply that our view of death as a final end is incorrect. To the Buddhists, death is merely another experience in a chain of events which con tinues endlessly. In a conventional way a person deaths, but the philosophical view says that no permanent self survives, only a series of mental and physical events. ` David Hume, a western philosopher, came to a similar view of the self as Buddhism. He found no evidence for the existence of a permanent self. However, Hume believed the mind was a series of discrete momentary â€Å"awareness† or â€Å"impressions† which followed one another rapidly in succession, very much like a link on a chain. This analogy raises an important distinction between the Buddhist conception of mind and Humes conception of mind, for the Buddhist’s view consciousness as a constant flow of thought. In this respect, the Buddhist theory is more like William James’s (1850) view of the mind who saw mental activity as a â€Å"stream of thought†. `Even though the arguments for annata convincingly deny the existence of a self, I can still not believe that they are correct. The argument against Descartes’ â€Å"I think† argument still lacks something. It is not adequate to say that the word â€Å"I† is not needed in the term â€Å"I think† for the word â€Å"I† was created to describe an inner feeling of self and was not created as a convenient means of belonging. I think the Buddha was trying to identify and cure people’s dissatisfaction by eliminating the ego. I would interpret his denial of the self as a denial of those negative feelings associated with possessiveness, greed, bitterness, vanity and arrogance. ` `BIBLIOGRAPHY: `Harvey Peter (1990) An introduction to Buddhism Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. `Collins, S ( ) Selfless Persons. `Giles, J â€Å"The no self theory : Hume, Buddhism and Personal identity. In Philosophy East and west. `Jewell, Nik (1995) Buddhist Philosophy Seminar Notes.

International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) Essay Example

International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) Essay International market cleavage Economicss, national civilization and clip European Journal of marketing vol. 48 No.7/8, 2014 pp. 1209-1293 We will write a custom essay sample on International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this essay I propose to critically measure the above research paper: â€Å"International market cleavage ( economic sciences, national civilization and clip ) † published late in the European Journal of Marketing. The paper aims to look into the influence, economic and cultural factors have individually and in combination over international state cleavage and besides seek to uncover the stableness of these factors and state sections over clip. Cleavage can be described as the scheme of spliting market in homogeneous group ( Goyat, 2011 ) . The growing of planetary competition has established international cleavage as a cardinal issue in developing, positioning and merchandising merchandises throughout the universe ( Ter Hofstede et al. , 1999 ) quoted by ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) . International cleavage has therefore become a cardinal extension of the traditional selling construct, as deficiency of acquaintance with diverse foreign environments tends to take to generalisation of demand status in abroad market. This can organize national stereotypes. Thus a policy of cleavage will assist relieve jobs originating from such misconceptions, as it acknowledges the magnitude and relevancy of differences and similarities between foreign states. However ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) suggests that if a company can accomplish competitory advantage as a consequence of planetary standardisation, a â€Å"standardization oriented approach† is in order. International cleavage besides provides a figure of advantages from the organisation point of position, one of it being that organisations find it easier to come in states in the same bunch in which they have been successful ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) Therefore if one accepts this premiss, the inquiry is non whether to section the international market but when to section and how to section ( what footing for cleavage should be considered ) ( Wind and Douglas, 1972 ) . In the evaluated research paper a longitudinal analysis ( 1990-1999 ) is undertaken and as a consequence, supply an penetration into whether economic A ; cultural features change overtime. The influences of economic and cultural factors are examined individually, and so combined. The survey includes economic and cultural variables for 30 states measured at two periods ( 1990-1999 ) . The research is designed to capture the effects of state specific variables on section rank and alterations overtime to measure our hypotheses. Hypothesiss of the research are mentioned in the undermentioned paragraphs. The writer argues, when companies enter new markets research on economic development entirely can non adequately predict firm’s opportunities of success in these markets. The viability of this statement can be supported by the fact that economic development of a state is merely an index of its populations purchasing capacity and what should be the monetary value scope of the merchandises marketed in that specific state nevertheless the consumer penchants and rational/motivation behind consumer’s merchandise choice is ignored. Neither do consequences of research undertaken with lone economic development as a base can assist organisations plan or choose selling schemes for their merchandise in that market. As a consequence the success of the house can non be predicted accurately. Therefore, it is of import that alternatively of state cleavage based wholly on economic informations or wholly on cultural informations, we combine the two in general cleavage model. Therefore t he first two hypotheses are: H1 Country sections formed from purely economic variables will be different than state sections formed with purely cultural variables. H2 Country sections formed from economic and cultural variables will ensue in different sections than those formed from either economic or cultural variables entirely. The consequence of this research indicates that both hypotheses H1 and H2 are found to be true. Hypotheses1 can be confirmed as when economic factor entirely is taken into consideration USA has a different section and does non portion this section with any other state nevertheless, when civilization is made the base of cleavage USA. Is clustered with other states such as Canada, Austria, Ireland and Italy. The bunch alterations for many states included in the survey, while switching the footing of cleavage from economic factors to civilization. H2 is besides found to be true and can be confirmed by the fact that while states were evaluated individually on economic growing and civilization a 4 four section solution appeared to be most appropriate for the same set of states whereas when evaluated in combination a six bunch solution seems to be most appropriate. Besides the construction of the sections is different from solutions based merely on economic or cultural variables. Another statement made by the writer is that states differ in economic development but they are non inactive. Example of China is given to back up this statement. This statement in my point of view is really strong as explained by the writer by giving china’s illustration, that states may see rapid alterations in economic indexs such as GDP ( it jumped from 3 % in 1990 to 9 % in the undermentioned twelvemonth and once more jumped to 14 % in 1992. This statement can be verified non merely by looking at fluctuating GDP rates of China but besides of many other universe economic systems with fluctuating GDP rates such as India. The writer argues that civilization alterations as a effect of economic development, and some states develop faster than others ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) . However this statement in my point of position is non wholly true as in my sentiment non merely civilization gets influenced by economic development but civilization besides influences economic development. As a state which scores high on self look in comparing to endurance will by and large hold a batch more little investors and enterprisers will be much more willing to take hazards to raise themselves to a criterion of better life thereby forcing the wheel of economic growing in that state. However a state driven by more traditional cultural values will look for safety in every investing and concern dealing they make, and as a consequence may non take appropriate timely hazards and may free out on chances to increase net income borders. In support of my statement â€Å"The extent of corruptness besides varies aggressively bet ween different states and different fiscal civilizations, and this can do profound difference to economic performance.† ( Sen, 2008 ) . Amartya sen in his article civilization and development besides talks about a great sociologist Max Webber’s thesis on the important function of Protestants moralss on in the successful development of a capitalist industrial economic system. The writer besides assumes, people will be more immune to cultural alterations than economic development the 3rd hypotheses is: H3 Changes in economic development will ensue in motion of states across sections more frequently than alterations in national civilization. The consequences of this research finds this hypotheses to be true as a seeable alteration in state bunch can be seen over the decennary based on economic development as the bases of cleavage. Shifts in state constellating with economic growing, as base is much more in comparing to constellating on the bases of civilization. The writer argues that civilization may alter easy, in incremental stairss but it does alteration. The writer argues that alteration in civilization is triggered by the economic system. In the last hypotheses of this research the writer assumes that with the economic development, civilization besides changes, and this leads to reconstituting in sections that we obtain from one period to the other, based on this the concluding hypotheses of this research is: H4 Countries that move from developing economic systems to higher income position will see cultural alterations ensuing in changed cleavage forms. The consequences of this research shows that merely two states show a displacement in state constellating based on cultural factors whereas for state constellating based on economic factors there were a batch more alterations. Thus we can state that cultural factors change really easy in comparing to economic factors. Besides the two states Czech democracy and Spain which changed state sections moved off from economically backward state and became portion of bunchs of economically advanced states illustration Spain joins the section with other European states. As these two states moved from less developed state bunch to a good developed one economically a considerable displacement can be seen in there constellating with civilization as the bunch base. This proves the above stated hypotheses. The sample used in this research paper by the writer includes states surveyed by WVS in both 1990-1991 moving ridge and 1999-2001. The initial sample covered a sum of 34 states but three of them were eliminated due to losing informations and besides west Germany and east Germany is treated as one. The sample used in my sentiment is thorough in itself and can besides be assessed by looking at the consequences of this research paper as it includes states runing variedly in economic development with gross national income ( GNI ) per capita ranging from 380 dollars ( India ) to Sweden with GNI 34,280 dollars. The sample is non merely thorough of economically varied states but besides covers a full spectrum culturally varied 1s ; it covers states all the manner from Japan and Sweden which score high on secular rational values to states like Ireland and Chile. However, one can reason though the study samples used in the WVS survey’s is big and thorough but the figure of states s a whole is little. The writer tries to warrant his pick of utilizing this little figure of states due to fiting demands across two periods and losing informations. Thus we can state that the sample used in this research paper is equal and good informed about the assorted dimensions. But it is deserving giving a idea that had the figure of states used in this research been much more than it is right now, what consequence it would had on the current findings of the research? Is at that place a possibility that some of the hypotheses in the research would hold been dismissed? From the above analysis of the research article we can state that it covers merely a little figure of states due in this research can be seen as one of the restrictions of this research. Besides as secondary beginning of information is used to transport out this research the fact that handiness of economic informations of the states is much more in comparing to the cultural informations and no specific step is present to verify whatever sum of cultural informations is available, could hold lead to some divergences in the consequences of this research matching to the usage of civilization as the base of state bunch. Besides this there is a deficiency of theoretical bases to steer the choice of variables and development of sections. And in conclusion categorization of states on the footing of state sections provides really weak indexs of marketing behaviour in a state. ( Wind and Douglas, 1972 ) . This is because every person is different and generalisation of consumers so widely on the footing of state can supply merely a glance of the expected consumer behaviour in that state. On the other manus this research has some really positive penetrations First, this research makes it possible to prove whether cultural values alter under the influence of certain environmental forces such as economic development. Second, this research piece fills the spread in old literature. The writer explains in the literature reappraisal that traditional researches on international selling cleavage have been criticized for concentrating on economic and cultural variables individually and non on both together. â€Å"a successful cleavage program must bring forth market sections which meet the four basic criteria† sustainability is one of them ( Goyat, 2011 ) . The longitudinal analysis of this research has the possible to cover the sustainability of these two factors and besides tests the kineticss of these two factors overtime. Besides this research peace examines market cleavage utilizing both these bases together and besides tries to happen a nexus between the two. Third, critically it can be stated that demographic may turn out as good bases of cleavage but the mind of the consumers play a important function in finding consumer behaviour. Something to believe about Every consumer has particular demands from the merchandises and services he/she consumes. Segmenting market every bit widely as state sections and generalising even those sections by grouping states with certain economic and cultural factors therefore poses a inquiry whether such broad cleavage would really turn out utile in guaranting an organization’s selling success? If yes, to what extent? Mentions 1. Budeva, D. , G. A ; Mullen, M. , R. 2014, International market cleavage,European Journal of Marketing, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 1209-1238. 2. Goyat, S. ( 2011 ) The footing of market cleavage: a critical reappraisal of literature, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol3, No.9, 2011, pp.45-54 3. Sen, A. ( 2008 ) ‘Culture and Development’ , [ Online ] , Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/6699222/Culture-Development-by-Amartya-Sen. [ Accessed: 1 November 2014 ] . 4. Wind, Y. A ; Douglas, S.P. 1972, International market cleavage,European Journal of Marketing, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17-25.

Essay Sample on Students with Behavioral Disorders

Essay Sample on Students with Behavioral Disorders Students with behavioral disorders exhibit behaviors that teachers and others in their environment find offensive and intolerable. Noncompliance, one of these behaviors, is increasing in frequency of occurrence among children (Walker Sylwester, 1998). The behavior can be displayed by several topographies. Noncompliance is defined as failure to follow a request or standard/rule. This behavior has been identified as one that leads to other forms of maladaptive behaviors, such as vandalism, stealing, and bullying (Walker Sylwester, 1998). Noncompliant behavior is destructive to the student’s success academically at school and socially in the school, home, and community environments. It often leads to power struggles and other negative verbal exchanges, sometimes resulting in physically aggressive behavior. These types of coercive interactions destroy relationships. A survey of 1,100 general education and special education teachers identified that child compliance to tea cher requests is â€Å"the most highly valued form of adaptive student behavior† (Walker, 1986). Compliance to requests and standards/rules is essential for success in the student’s present and future environments. It has a direct impact on relationship, education, and employment. Teacher and staff behavior (Walker Sylwester, 1998; Martella et al., 1993; Umbreit Blair, 1997) curricular/instructional variables (Umbreit Blair, 1997; Clark et al, 1995; and Daepe et al., 1996), and other aspects of the school environment are relevant contingencies affecting student compliance. In fact, these contingencies may serve as setting events and reinforcers for the noncompliant behavior. Research (Daepe et al., 1996; Umbreit Blair, 1997) suggests that difficult tasks may elicit disruptive behavior and lead to the development of escape and avoidance strategies. The noncompliant behavior may serve as an escape or avoidance strategy when the task presented is perceived aversive by the student. Umbreit and Blair (1997) conducted a study regarding the effects of structural analysis on the aggressive and noncompliant behavior of a preschooler at-risk for behavior disorders. The problem behaviors were resolved through program modification. They reported that there is â€Å"the need to examine potentially aversive stimuli within the school program that may set the occasion† for problem behavior. In addition, Walker Sylwester (1998) made the following program recommendations for what teachers and others can do to increase and maintain compliant behavior: provide areas for individual work, provide areas for cooperative work, directions written on the board, star t-up ideas posted, and involve the student in the development of classroom rules, policies, and procedures. The verbal behavior of teachers and others are also relevant contingencies and may serve as aversive stimuli that occasions problem behavior. Walker Sylwester (1998) identified two types of commands, alpha and beta, which are used to usually initiate or terminate behavior. Beta commands usually consist of multiple commands which are vague and usually administered too rapidly for the individual to have time to respond (Walker Sylwester, 1998). Alpha commands on the other hand are â€Å"clear, direct, and specific† (Walker Sylwester, 1998). And result in more compliant behavior. Sometimes noncompliant behavior occurs frequently enough to warrant an individualized and intensive intervention. To do this effectively, variables that are reinforcing the behavior needs to be identified. One such approach which has proven to be effective in incorporating the development of hypotheses which lead to the identification of variables influencing the target behavior is functional assessment (Dunlap et al., 1993). Functional assessment is a â€Å"process of identifying the relationships between environmental events, the occurrences, and nonoccurrence of a target behavior† (Dunlap et al., 1993). This process should be a consideration when noncompliant behavior is serious and persistent enough to require an individualized intervention. One final point that should be taken into consideration if the goal is to improve student compliance is the training of staff. Martella et al. (1993) conducted a study on improving the behavior of a student with severe disabilities through paraprofessional training. The study was intensive and extensive. Results revealed that improvement in the paraprofessional’s skills resulted in improved student behavior. As indicated earlier, the frequency with which students are exhibiting noncompliant behavior is increasing. Teachers and others in the student’s environment may not be able to control the topography of the behavior that is exhibited, but there are many variables that are within their control which exert considerable influence over the probability of compliance versus noncompliance. They must become aware of what these variables are and use that knowledge to promote compliance and set student’s up for success. Teachers and others must also be informed of effective assessment and intervention strategies to use when noncompliant behavior is persistent over time. This is a sample Education essay written by one of our academic writers. If you want to order a custom essay, term paper, thesis, research paper, dissertation or other written assignment contact our company to get professional academic writing help.

Frida Kahlo's Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Frida Kahlo's Artwork - Essay Example The essay "Frida Kahlo's Artwork" analyzes the artwork of Frida Kahlo. Just as she was regaining her life, though, she was struck by a trolley car and again predicted never to walk again. Again, she defied the odds. Although she was able to overcome the largest of her handicaps, Kahlo suffered with pain from this accident throughout the rest of her life and had to have many surgeries that would confine her to bed or leave her buckled into a ceramic cast. Ever the one to overcome hardships, though, Kahlo turned to art as one of the few things she could do from her bed. Perhaps because of these difficult challenges she was constantly forced to overcome, Kahlo was quite willing to experiment with artistic forms. Her marriage to Diego Rivera, who felt her art was the best in Mexico, facilitated an easy acceptance of her brilliance within international artistic circles, but has only recently come to the attention of the greater general public. Comparing some of her self-portraits, such as â€Å"The Two Fridas† and â€Å"The Broken Column† illustrates some of the ways in which Kahlo broke out of the traditional forms. Frida Kahlo is different from any other painters. As she said, â€Å"I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best,† by which she means any paintings that she made were part of her life.The imagery and style Kahlo developed through her work betrays a lifelong struggle to find balance, not only on the surface of her paintings, but within her own being as well.

The Effects of the Boundaryless Career on Individuals, Organisations Essay

The Effects of the Boundaryless Career on Individuals, Organisations and Society - Essay Example The paper tells that a boundaryless career can be defined in its simplest term as a career that crosses multiple boundaries in a non- linear manner or can also refer to career opportunities that extend beyond the boundary of a single employer. This is the direction that most careers in the 21st century have assumed. Globalization and technological advancement have been implicated in transforming the traditional career which assumed the organizational approach to boundaryless approach which entails movement across many employers and defiance of the traditional organizational assumptions that advocated for career advancement and hierarchy. Through intense training and skill development, individuals have been able to increase their productivity through job specialization that is doing what you know best while trying to diversify in order to remain relevant in the job market. It has also increased the social capital of individuals in the workplace. This refers to personal networks one ha s. Individuals have been working hard to increase these networks so as to increase their job security and stability. Boundaryless career also has its share of demerits on individuals. Some of the negative effects it has had on individuals are increased susceptibility to job insecurity or diminished sense of job security. This type of career lacks elements of job security and stability and this is evident because of its unstable nature and the ever-present mobile status. It also lacks steady increase in the level of income like the traditional organizational career. This is mostly contractual and so most of the time income stays constant. It also lacks status derived from positions.

Policing Policies Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policing Policies - Research Paper Example One of the more popular areas where policies have been implemented has been in the issue of policing and the creation of rules that govern law and order (Ratcliffe, 2008). This sector can be said to be one of the most significant areas in which policies have been utilized, and they are the reason behind the ability of law enforcement to maintain order within a society as well as determine the appropriate methods through which those that breach the laws that have been set out should be treated (Stone, 2008). The perspective used to create these policies will determine the methods in which the community will deal with the rules and regulations and those who break them (Peterson, 2005). There are two major policy perspectives that can be studying when broaching this subject; they include problem oriented policing and zero-tolerance policing. Problem Oriented Policing This policy perspective refers to a strategy that focuses on the problem that is being faced in a bid to come up with eff ective ways with which to deal with that specific problem (Taylor, 2007). The strategy involves the analysis of the various crimes that rock the society and then focus on developing solutions that will adequately solve the problem and is based upon ongoing studies to evaluate the progress made, and if the original solution needs to be modified or changed in any manner in order to make sure that the policies developed are successful in their endeavor (Stone, 2008). This strategy believes that by closely studying the problem, one is able to come up with more effective answers and solutions as they are given the chance to gauge not only the problem itself, but its underlying cause as well (Ratcliffe, 2008). By doing this, one is not only able to deal with the problem once it occurs, but determine ways in which the source can be dealt with in a way that will stop the problem from popping up in the first place(Peterson, 2005). The policy can be said to focus more on the effort of crime p revention rather than dealing with the crime itself and aims at working together with the community in a bid to decrease the level of crime rates in the society (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis, 2007). This perspective focuses on research and analysis and strives to prove that the best way of dealing with a problem is determining its cause so as to strike at it from its foundation (Fischer, Miller & Sidney, 2006). Problem oriented policing can be said to function on the basis of â€Å"prevention is better than cure† motto. There are various steps that can be taken when approaching the making of policies from this particular perspective (Ratcliffe, 2008). The process can be presented in over teen steps but can be summarized in just three steps that are taken by those who take part in this particular policy perspective. They include: Identification and Analysis of the Problem The initial step is analysis of the problem before any steps could be taken. The particular problem will need to be closely scrutinized in a bid to sufficiently understand the problem so as to determine the best way to solve it. This can be acheived by going through the various police records as well as interviewing members of the

Difference between Self Confidence and Self Efficacy

Difference between Self Confidence and Self Efficacy When the word self-efficacy is heard, it is often understood as self-confidence by many people. Self-confidence is not the same as self- efficacy. So, what does it mean by self-confidence and self efficacy. According to M. Colman (2002), self-confidence is defined as a trust or assertion in oneself, believing in ones aptitude, making a choice which maybe referring to a general context or to a specific event or doings. Some people recognise self-confidence as self-assurance. On the other hand, according to M. Colman, self-efficacy can be defined as the capability to attain the required outcome. Speaking of perceived self-efficacy generally means that the person has a lot of faith in his or her aptitude that the wanted outcome can be achieved. As mentioned by M. Colman, the concept of self-efficacy was broadly acknowledged in the course of power of Albert Bandura (the founder of the concept Observational Learning) who was born in the year 1925 in Canada but grew up and practised psycho logy in United States of America. This concept of self-efficacy became famous during the 1980s as well as the 1990s, which was later concluded in Banduras book entitled Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, which was only published in the year 1997. According to A. Fast, L. Lewis, J. Bryant, A. Bocian, A. Cardullo, Rettig and Hammond (2010), those with self-efficacy tends to have higher level of desire, higher obligation and are also able to restore themselves after facing with failure better than those with poorer height of self-efficacy. According to Carmona, P. Buunk, Dijkstra and M. Peiro (2008), people with higher levels of self-efficacy tends to view heavy responsibilities as challenge to be tackled other than viewing it as danger or risk that has to be stayed away from at all times. Then arises the second question, does self-efficacy affect performance? For an example, for a person who believes that he or she is very good in mathematics and has all the skills and ability to solve high standard of mathematical problems (especially algebra, trigonometry and calculus); does he or she actually has higher performance level in the mathematics examination at the end of the term? The word performance, according to Hornby (2005) is define as how good or successfully a person carries out an activity. According to M. Colman, the word performance can be understood as the course of administering a series of activities. Carmona, P. Buunk, Dijkstra and M. Peiro (2008) conducted a study on 120 university students, which comprised of 58 Females and 62 Males. The participants in their study were between the ages of 19 to 30 years old (mean age= 22.23 years old). Carmona et al. got the participants to fill up the questionnaire on goal orientation, social comparison responses and self-efficacy (questionnaire entitled Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, which is also known as MSLQ by Pintrich and De Groot, 1990) and were given five EUR each for their willingness to partake in this study. The MSLQ probes on the participants own potential in doing well in their class, course, or their subject. This questionnaire was then matched with the participants second trimester grade (mean of the grade taken) to test on their performance. They found that self-efficacy had a significantly strong positive relationship with performance. In other words, participants with high self- efficacy had high performanc e achievement. The findings of this study do bring substantial understanding as it was conducted among students who should be tested on performance and self-efficacy. This is because students are the people whose self-efficacy is would be different among one another depending on their personality, work load, pressure, family background and so on, thus can be tested against their performance without experiencing any difficulty. In a study conducted by Williams and Williams (2010), the relationship between self-efficacy and mathematics was investigated. This study was done on students ages 15 years old from 33 nations, which includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Indonesia, Thailand, Uruguay and many more countries. One of the measurements used was the Mathematics self-efficacy (how confident are you to solve the mathematical problem were asked). While the other measurement used was the mathematics achievement (open ended question, structured questions and multiple choice questions) where both the measurements were taken from The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 Mathematics Achievement Test, which focuses on self-efficacy students have on mathematics and compare it with their performance in mathematics. They also found that females have lower level of self-efficacy compared to males where the mathematics is concerned. Although this study was difficult to be carried out as the researches had to find the balance between which grades of the 15 year olds from the various countries would easily match each other to ease the process of this study, the findings of this study can well be generalized due to the wide range of participants. A. Fast, L. Lewis, J. Bryant, A. Bocian, A. Cardullo, Rettig and Hammond (2010) carried out a research among 1163 primary school students which comprised Latino, Caucasion, African American, Asian, Pacific Islanders, Filipino and American Indian in California. There were 594 Females and 569 Males in this study. The participants were given the California Standard Test (CST) for Mathematics and the Student Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ). A. Fast et al. found that students with elevated intensity of self-efficacy had elevated marks in their final math exam given at the end of their term. Although this study was focused only on the Californians, yet the significant results obtained can be accepted as the number of participants was large enough. B. Yeo and Neal (2006) conducted a study on 93 psychology students (mean age=19.53 years old). The participants were inclusive of 36 males, 56 females and 1 unknown gender. The participants were asked to whether two aircraft that put in pairs will collide into each other as they are flying or have a smooth journey without colliding into each other. The preciseness and how fast the participants can guess the answer was noted. A exact answer were given up to 40 points while for a wrong answer, 25 points will be taken away. The general self-efficacy was measures using the New General Self-Efficacy Scale by Chen, Gully and Eden (2001). The results obtained showed that the self-efficacy was related to task performance with a significance, p (p

Physical Therapy - An Exciting Healthcare Profession :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Physical Therapy Physical therapy is a fun and exciting healthcare profession that helps people. It is all about helping other people who have problems with their body, muscles, joints and other parts of their body. Patients includes accident victims and individuals with disabling conditions such as low back pain, arthritis, heart disease, fractures, head injuries, and cerebral palsy. Physical therapy will perform an evaluation of your problem or difficulty. They evaluate your problem by performing tests and measures to assess the problem. These tests includes muscle strength, joint motion, sensory and neurological, coordination, balance, observation, palpation, flexibility, postural screening, movement analysis, and special tests are designed for a particular problem. Next, they develop a treatment plan and goals and then manage the appropriate treatment to aid in recovery of a problem or dysfunction. Physical therapists are able to treat their patients by using many different treatments de pending on the type of injury. Some of the treatments are electrical stimulation, hot and cold packs, infrared and ultrasound to reduce swelling or relieve pain. These treatments are used to help decrease pain and increase movement and function. Therapeutic exercises instructions will help restore strength, movement, balance, or skill as a guide towards full functional recovery. Physical therapy provides "hands on techniques" like massage or joint mobilizations skills to restore joint motion or increase soft tissue flexibility. They will focus on basic skills such as getting out of bed, walking safely with crutches or a walker, moving specific joints and muscles of the body. Physical therapists treatment includes patient education to teach them how to deal with a current problem and how to prevent the problem in the future. Such documentation is used to track the patient's progress, and identify areas requiring more or less attention. They encourage patients to use their own muscles. Their main goal is to improve how an individual functions at work and home. Physical therapies do much more of than restore function to traumatize. They work with children with birth defects to overcome to restore movement and independent living. Physical therapy held about one hundred thirty-two thousand jobs in year of two thousand. The number of jobs is greater than a number because of practicing physical therapy become more therapists holds two or more jobs.

Gay marriage speech Essay

Today the topic that is up for debate is gay marriage I will be arguing that gay marriage should be allowed in Australia. My name is Santika I hope that I will be able to show you why gay marriage should be allowed in Australia. I will now define what gay is the meaning of gay is when a person man or women like the same sex. I’ll define what marriage means the meaning of marriage is when two people commit their love in front of friends and family. They become one and if your religious confess their love to god. I will prove to you why gay marriage should be allowed by giving you reasons that will hopefully convince you. Last year the government had said that the gays could get married in Canberra over the weekend and so they did only to have their marriages annulled. 5 days later by the government which is wrong. Because there wasting valuable money on a trip that wouldn’t have been worth it. I’m going to show you statistics on how may people would care if gays could get legally married or not. 64% percent of people say yes to it that’s more then half of the country saying yes so why can’t it happen. It isn’t fair on them because all they want is the same equal rights. But the government doesn’t want to allow it because they don’t see it as being right which is completely unfair. Another point I wish to make is the mardi gras festival if our country can have a festival dedicated to the gays. Why can’t we allow same sex marriage what is the point in this festival I mean the festival shows our government is supporting gays? It is completely wrong and our government should consider allowing same sex marriage. My final point I’m going to make on this issue is that there are a number priests and minsters who support gay marriage. Now as most people would think people of the church are against this issue as the bible. supposedly says that gay people are not allowed and that it’s wrong but surprisingly they support it. Now if people who worship god and don’t get married for god can accept this. Then our government should be able to support it and give  it the go ahead. Just to recap everything I think the government should allow same sex marriage if more then half of this country can do it. If we have a festival for it and priest and minsters that support it then it should be allowed.

Bugs Emotions essays

Bugs Emotions essays Recently in class, we did a study on potato bugs, and how you can tell if they have emotions. I was gone the two days that we did the lab, so I am writing you a small report about my idea about bugs and their emotions. At first, when you think about it, most people would shrug unknowingly and reply, I dont know, or some people just automatically think that they have no emotions. It is a hard question, something that you just cant figure out by thinking. It is something that you have to research, and maybe even do a test on a bug, and see what happens. I have an example that will help my conclusion to the question that was asked. My dad has a fish tank with four small frogs inside. Everyday, he puts some small crickets into the tank for the frogs to eat. Weve sat there next to the tank and watched them eat the crickets, and this is how I figured out that bugs do have emotions. Not every kind of emotion, but simply instinct, which I would consider a type of emotion. You can tell this because when the frogs would be hungry and begin to prey on the crickets, the crickets would respond by standing completely still, or running away. They sense that something is going to happen, so they do the best that they can to stop that from happening. An instinct is something that any form of life has when they are born, Its something thats there, and you might not notice it sometimes. It can be a form of an emotion because you dont really notice your emotions that are there until you need to use them, just like your instinct. You use your instinct when you know that something is wrong or you need help. Your emotions really dont show either until you need to use one of them, say when your upset, then your emotions come out. The way that the crickets acted when the frogs were coming to eat them...they were acting like they knew that something was going to happen to ...

Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Example

Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Example Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Travelodge is the first budget hotel launched in 1985 in UK. It operates 380 hotels with 26,500 room in the UK. Travelodge is be aftering to turn 1000 more hotels by 2020. It employs above 5500 people and 87 % of the engagement are made online. The UK hotel market is estimated around 700,000 suites ( beginning: Melvyn Gold, Qualification of serviced adjustment supply in UK , December 2007 ) UK hotel market is segmented chiefly into four classs, Brander full service which has 14 % of the market portion, branded budget 12 % branded mid market 62 % and unbranded mugwumps 62 % .the current economic environment has seen addition in bead out of unbranded mugwumps and people prefer to book with branded budget due to web coverage, trade name strength strong balance sheet and distribution. Grant Hearn, Travelodge CEO, commented: 2008 was another record twelvemonth of growing for the Travelodge trade name with over 19 % gross growing . Room sold increased by 9 per centum to 6 million The growing of Travelodge has been unbelievable but company faced a few challenges and one of the major challenge company is confronting is overbooking. Overbooking is one of the of import gross direction tool in hotels operation direction to run efficaciously and heighten profitableness. Gross Management is seen as an of import technique in the hotels operation and hence to maximise their grosss, hotels are progressively implementing Revenue Management patterns ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ) . As a effect of implementing such systems, many companies in the service sector such as hotels consistently overbook capacity in order to maximise the gross at one peculiar point in clip ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . If overbooking is non implemented right it can ensue in loss of room gross, loss of hotel repute, decreased client trueness and lessening hotels profitableness. This study discusses the chief features of overbooking and its impact on the company in theoretical and practical prospective. Theoretical penetrations of overbooking One of the cardinal constructs in Revenue Management is overbooking. The pattern of overbooking can be defined as corroborating more reserves than the hotels available physical capacity to supply the service. ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Ivanov, 2007 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; McGill, new wave Ryzin,1999 ; Kamath, Bhosale, Manjrekar,2008 ) . Hence, the aim of overbooking is to better the expected net income and alternatively of selling each room one time, net income can be increased by selling it several times ( Birkenheuer, 2009 ) . In fact, overbooking as an built-in portion of Revenue Management has received important attending from literature. From a historical position, overbooking is present in the surveies of Falkson ( 1969 ) , Simon ( 1968 ) , Vickrey ( 1972 ) and many others. The major aim of these surveies was to sketch a control pattern for cancellations. Nowadays, overbooking has become an emerging affair in industries with perishable merchandises. It yields considerable impacts on companies public presentation. In footings of the cordial reception industry, the profitableness of hotels is mostly dependent on their use of capacity. Conversely, demand for suites and extensions of stay are really unstable and are difficult to foretell ( new wave Ryzin, 2005 ) . Hoteliers are challenged by how to find the business of suites for clients who are financially unequal and meanwhile maintain a stable rate of demand given the difficult to foretell fortunes ( Okumus, 2004 ) . This is all possible utilizing overbooking, which enables proper allotment of resources and optimisation of gross revenues. However, maximising the figure of sold suites per dark can non be easy accomplished. One of the most ambitious undertakings of the hotel operation direction is to cover with the unpredictable nature of the clients, because non all booked reserves will turn into existent service ingestion ( Lai et al, 2005 ) . To this terminal overbooking may imply a company from the cordial reception industry non being able to function all its clients decently because of lower figure of ab initio expected people that do non look as agreed. In this regard, overbooking may hold both positive and negative impact. On the one manus, it may ensue in refusal to supply a service, but on the other, it can besides take the signifier of compensation for those booking agents, who can non have the value bundle they have agreed on and paid for ( Kimes and Wagner, 2001 ) . From their practical experience directors know that all non engagements confirmed for a peculiar day of the month will be truly used ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . There are several possible scenarios that can do this. Despite of their reserves, because of different fortunes some invitees cancel their stay and end their reserves, some does non call off their engagement but fail to demo up, or other invitees cut down their stay and as a consequence the room remains unsold and therefore capacity non use is lost everlastingly ( Ivanov, 2006, Talluri et Al, 2004 ; Chiang et Al, 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Bitran ; Leon, 1989 ) . Therefore hotels adopt overbooking in order to protect against losingss with no-shows and to countervail the consequence of cancellations and shortened corsets ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ; Kamath et Al, 2008 ; Selmi, 2008 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Impacts of overbooking on hotels operation direction Apart from the chance of the hotel to minimise the consequence of reserve uncertainnesss there are possibilities the figure of cancellations and no shows to be less so the figure of overbookings, so some of the clients will non be accommodated and should be walked to other hotels ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . Therefore, if a hotel decides to use overbooking in its operations it should pull off carefully non merely the chance cost of the unsold room but besides the overbooking costs for alternate hotel adjustment and transit that the hotel has to pay in order to counterbalance a client in instance of overbooking ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Hung, 2004 ) . Besides the apparent fiscal costs happening in instance of walking a invitee holding already booked, costs the lost hotel s good will and repute and the hazards of dissatisfaction, loss of trust, loss of future client trueness are much more expensive for the hotel ( Selmi, 2007 ) . Overbooking policy and control Harmonizing to Selmi ( 2007 ) , the hazard of client refusal appears if the overbooking is no accomplished exactly . In this respect, Kimes ( 1989 ) emphasized on the importance of a clearly stated overbooking policy within the hotel operation direction. The aim of overbooking policy and control is to happen an optimum overbooking degree to maximise the expected gross and to minimise the possible hazard of denied service ( Chiang et al 2007 ) . Netessine and Shumsky ( 2002 ) as cited by Ivanov ( 2006 ; 2007 ) proposed a basic mathematical theoretical account for ciphering the optimum figure of overbookings and harmonizing to his findings the optimum overbooking degree is reciprocally related to the sum of cancellation charges applied the closer the cancellation charge to the room rate, the lower the lost benefit from the unoccupied room and the less stimuli to overbook . In instance of presence of guaranteed and non-guaranteed engagements, Ivanov ( 2007 ) suggests that the optimum figure of overbookings has to be set individually for each type. Alternatively, harmonizing to Hung ( 2004 ) factors that could be considered while puting overbooking bounds include: chances of cancellation and no-show ; room demand distribution over clip and conditions of length of stay ; stay extension chances influenced by the intended length of stay. Furthermore Hung ( 2004 ) assumes that the proportion of cancellations depends on the client class, intended length of stay, twenty-four hours of hebdomad of first stay over, and clip until first stay over. Impact of overbooking on client behaviour Harmonizing to Talluri et Al ( 2004 ) overbooking is often cited in client ailments and remains the primary beginning of dissatisfaction. Furthermore, consequences of an experiment made by Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) confirm that the pattern of overbooking is likely to be perceived as unjust by service clients. Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) analyze behavioural effects of the equity towards overbooking by suggesting and corroborating several hypotheses. Harmonizing to their research the negative effects of service failure originating from overbooking are stronger for the high position client than for the low position clients and hence, hotelkeepers have to carefully overbook its high-values categories . Additionally, Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) stress on the importance that if a hotel ignores the log-run behaviour effects of overbooking, this may take to negative effects on its operations. One such negative effect is proposed to be a client who faces a denied service due to overbooking and still remains hotels client because of either high fixed exchanging barriers or current trueness rank plans. However, in response to the service failure the client may set its investing into the exchange relationship non merely by diminishing the figure of gross revenues, but besides by seeking to take advantage of price reduction offers or buying lower degree services from the hotel ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . On the other manus, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) analyze the consequence of the sensed equity toward hotels overbooking and compensation patterns by analyzing clients reactions toward hotel overbooking. Some of their most critical findings from this survey are that adult females are more likely than work forces to experience that overbooking is unjust , clients perceptual experiences to the equity of overbooking is non affected by other client variables including length of stay, rank position, remunerator beginning, reserve channel, and reserve clip ; participants perceived equity toward the hotel s overbooking and compensation policies were strongly correlated with positive viva-voce promotion. One of the most of import consequences of the research shows that the sensed equity of the participants toward the hotel s compensation policy is related to their trueness. Therefore, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) propose that hotels should see planing compensations that help positively influence cli ents perceived fairness toward overbooking and that encourage clients on-going backing and trueness. In a decision, issues like finding the optimum figure of extra reserves, minimising compensation cost, and covering with the negative effects from clients confronting a denied service are considered as the most ambitious countries of the pattern of overbooking and every hotel endeavoring to maximise its profitableness should non undervalue them ( Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Practical Deductions of overbooking As the cordial reception industry is germinating, hotel proprietors and hotel directors are invariably seeking to update their attacks in order to accomplish optimum allotment of resources. Novelli, Schmitz and Spencer ( 2006 ) have discovered that hotelkeepers make every attempt to use modern-day engineerings in their concern. By this deduction, hotel directors and proprietors do non merely prolong competitory advantage, but besides create new merchandises and services. In position of this, it can be concluded that execution of new engineerings that create new merchandises is a technological invention ( Evangelista, 1999 ) . On the other manus, the execution of advanced engineerings to a service company can hold a important influence in footings of operational efficiency ( Freeman and Soete, 1997 ) . Additionally, Porter ( 1990 ) supports the latter thesis by foregrounding that the public presentation of a company is extremely dependent on new engineerings. In position of technological inventions today many hotels recognize the importance of overbooking pattern and therefore its execution has become by and large recognized measure toward hotels successful operations. The practical application of Revenue Management and Overbooking incorporates the undermentioned built-in elements ( Vinod, 2004 ) : Figure 1 Revenue Management application Degree centigrades: UsersamadDesktopCapture.JPG Beginning: Vinod, B. ( 2004 ) , Journal of Revenue A ; Pricing Management Market cleavage: Segmenting clients harmonizing to their penchants and disbursement forms is a must to do certain the most appropriate clients with absolutely fitted properties are sold the proper suites that can maximise grosss ( Oliveira, 2003 ) . Specifying rate categories ( stock list pooling ) : Involves making groups of the bing rates that close in footings of value ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Demand prediction: demand prediction is indispensable to find room tenancy. In the context of Revenue Management it is of import as it can command tenancy utilizing the information of length of stay. This can be achieved by possessing informations on rate category demand and continuance of stay ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Supply prediction: earlier and late check-out procedures can besides find room tenancy, which is an component besides involved in Revenue Management. Overbooking control: encompasses gross revenues of suites transcending the maximal available figure of suites to countervail for no shows and cancellations. However, there are some hazards associated with overbooking as it may ensue in grudges from unsated clients who have received an inappropriate room. In such instances hotelkeepers offer compensations and periphery benefits ( Smith, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Vinod ( 1992 ) Revenue Management can convey 20 % of the entire grosss. Revenue mix control and exclusion processing: involves be aftering of import hereafter day of the months with discretion and fiting them with overbooking degrees ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Performance measuring and direction coverage: closely size uping the Revenue Management processes is indispensable to track down the information quality and future be aftering footing. However, in order to take a hotel into a victorious way, overbooking has to be managed and controlled really carefully. Ivanov ( 2006 ) defines the direction of overbooking as a set of managerial techniques and activities connected with uninterrupted planning, reserve and control and he outlined two chief groups of activities that should be performed in the day-to-day hotel operation. The hotel directors should on one manus, to specify an optimum figure of overbookings for each day of the month and continuously to modify it harmonizing to the market alterations of the hotel and the specific demand and booking spiels and on the other manus, to pull off carefully determinations and operational activities related with walking invitees with overbookings. In this respect, Ivanov ( 2006 ) proposes that factors such as length of stay, suites rates and client position have to be considered by hotel directors while covering with walking a invitee with confirmed reserve. Additionally, Kimes ( 1989 ) analyzes several managerial concerns indispensable for an effectual overbooking pattern and states that top direction can non presume tha t Revenue Management will merely go on, it requires careful planning and preparation . Therefore employees have to be intensively trained in order to clearly understand the purpose and features of overbooking. Furthermore, employees who are straight covering with overbooking determinations have to be sporadically trained how to act in possible client struggles and to take their ain determinations in an unfamiliar state of affairs ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . In order to be minimized the possible client dissatisfaction in instance of overbooking, it is critical for the hotel to set up service recovery programmes with standardised processs and to do employees to be cognizant and follow them ( Ivanov, 2006 ) For a profitable applied overbooking in the cordial reception industry, hotels must understand non merely consumers behaviour but besides to see the impact of competition and the presently economic state of affairs that imposes important supply and demand fluctuations. As hotels compete with each other in order to pull more clients, Revenue Management determinations of one hotel necessarily act upon the demand for other hotels in the same part or country. However, recent tendencies propose that hotels should join forces with is rivals that consequence in increased figure of formed confederations with each other to maximise their gross ( Chiang et al, 2007 ) Revenue Management s challenges in the cordial reception industry As explained before, Revenue Management finds application to two important industries: cordial reception and air hose. The first one, nevertheless, is much more complex in footings of industry impregnation and suites direction. This creates hurdlings for the optimu m operation of Revenue Management techniques. In the hotel industry Revenue Management can be applied either locally or via centralised system. The 2nd one involves garnering informations and taking determinations from a focal site for other belongingss. In pattern merely a limited figure of hotels and hotel ironss are able to pull off centralized informations processing and hence the bulk of participants on the cordial reception industry opt for belongings based Revenue Management. Recommendations for future research Despite of the acknowledged importance of overbooking as one the most effectual successful Revenue Management techniques used in hotel operation and widely discussed subject in research literature, there are no current surveies discoursing the overbooking direction of Bulgarian hotels and its impact on their operation. Therefore, future research may concentrate on the possible application of Revenue Management techniques to the Bulgarian cordial reception industry. Future surveies may besides concentrate on the demand side of Bulgarian touristry as the state has witnessed fluctuating visitant rates during the past two decennaries despite the turning net incomes generated by the peculiar industry. Decisions In order to last in the ferocious competition and to bring forth more gross while utilizing the same sum of resorts it is necessary and critical to the hotels operation direction to utilize efficaciously its reserve stock list and to increase its tenancy rate ( Hung, 2004 ) . Revenue Management techniques and the theoretical accounts of overbooking if applied suitably would maximise the grosss of hotels ( Kamath et al, 2008 ) . However, the possibilities of client dissatisfaction, and hazard of loss of repute because of denied service, force many hotels to avoid the pattern of overbooking. Therefore, before hotel directors to deicide whether or non to implement overbooking they should first see what Birkenheuer ( 2009 ) explained the best appraisal of hazard and chance will supply the best net income . In this survey we have outlined the dynamic nature of service industries and have demonstrated the importance of Revenue Management and most notably one of its most important facets overbooking. We have narrowed the range of this research down to the cordial reception industry and have found major differences in the demand patterns towards such companies in the former industry. Some clients prefer flexible cancellation footings, while others are non much attentive to that. Hoteliers offer differential pricing to their ain advantage to fudge against fluctuating demand. We have besides found that permutation is one of the most effectual method of pull offing overbooking patterns, but yet a cost/benefit analysis must be performed in order to track down the existent effects. Basically, within the current dynamic determination doing state of affairs in the cordial reception industry, overbooking degrees have been found to hold important gross maximising belongingss. In position of this, through this survey we have discovered some of the main direction aims that could be achieved through overbooking in the model of Revenue Management: net income maximization ; capa city allotment ; maximization of mean gross per client ; maximization of net present value ; and minimisation of client grudges. Finally, as cordial reception industry on a planetary graduated table is a aggregate volume-driven concern, overbooking has become an emerging subject as vacant suites do non convey any net incomes. However, possibly even more important remains the job how to pull off client letdown, in instances they can non be relocated to similar hotels as a consequence of overbooking.