International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) Essay Example

International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) Essay International market cleavage Economicss, national civilization and clip European Journal of marketing vol. 48 No.7/8, 2014 pp. 1209-1293 We will write a custom essay sample on International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International market segmentation (economics, national culture and time) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this essay I propose to critically measure the above research paper: â€Å"International market cleavage ( economic sciences, national civilization and clip ) † published late in the European Journal of Marketing. The paper aims to look into the influence, economic and cultural factors have individually and in combination over international state cleavage and besides seek to uncover the stableness of these factors and state sections over clip. Cleavage can be described as the scheme of spliting market in homogeneous group ( Goyat, 2011 ) . The growing of planetary competition has established international cleavage as a cardinal issue in developing, positioning and merchandising merchandises throughout the universe ( Ter Hofstede et al. , 1999 ) quoted by ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) . International cleavage has therefore become a cardinal extension of the traditional selling construct, as deficiency of acquaintance with diverse foreign environments tends to take to generalisation of demand status in abroad market. This can organize national stereotypes. Thus a policy of cleavage will assist relieve jobs originating from such misconceptions, as it acknowledges the magnitude and relevancy of differences and similarities between foreign states. However ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) suggests that if a company can accomplish competitory advantage as a consequence of planetary standardisation, a â€Å"standardization oriented approach† is in order. International cleavage besides provides a figure of advantages from the organisation point of position, one of it being that organisations find it easier to come in states in the same bunch in which they have been successful ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) Therefore if one accepts this premiss, the inquiry is non whether to section the international market but when to section and how to section ( what footing for cleavage should be considered ) ( Wind and Douglas, 1972 ) . In the evaluated research paper a longitudinal analysis ( 1990-1999 ) is undertaken and as a consequence, supply an penetration into whether economic A ; cultural features change overtime. The influences of economic and cultural factors are examined individually, and so combined. The survey includes economic and cultural variables for 30 states measured at two periods ( 1990-1999 ) . The research is designed to capture the effects of state specific variables on section rank and alterations overtime to measure our hypotheses. Hypothesiss of the research are mentioned in the undermentioned paragraphs. The writer argues, when companies enter new markets research on economic development entirely can non adequately predict firm’s opportunities of success in these markets. The viability of this statement can be supported by the fact that economic development of a state is merely an index of its populations purchasing capacity and what should be the monetary value scope of the merchandises marketed in that specific state nevertheless the consumer penchants and rational/motivation behind consumer’s merchandise choice is ignored. Neither do consequences of research undertaken with lone economic development as a base can assist organisations plan or choose selling schemes for their merchandise in that market. As a consequence the success of the house can non be predicted accurately. Therefore, it is of import that alternatively of state cleavage based wholly on economic informations or wholly on cultural informations, we combine the two in general cleavage model. Therefore t he first two hypotheses are: H1 Country sections formed from purely economic variables will be different than state sections formed with purely cultural variables. H2 Country sections formed from economic and cultural variables will ensue in different sections than those formed from either economic or cultural variables entirely. The consequence of this research indicates that both hypotheses H1 and H2 are found to be true. Hypotheses1 can be confirmed as when economic factor entirely is taken into consideration USA has a different section and does non portion this section with any other state nevertheless, when civilization is made the base of cleavage USA. Is clustered with other states such as Canada, Austria, Ireland and Italy. The bunch alterations for many states included in the survey, while switching the footing of cleavage from economic factors to civilization. H2 is besides found to be true and can be confirmed by the fact that while states were evaluated individually on economic growing and civilization a 4 four section solution appeared to be most appropriate for the same set of states whereas when evaluated in combination a six bunch solution seems to be most appropriate. Besides the construction of the sections is different from solutions based merely on economic or cultural variables. Another statement made by the writer is that states differ in economic development but they are non inactive. Example of China is given to back up this statement. This statement in my point of view is really strong as explained by the writer by giving china’s illustration, that states may see rapid alterations in economic indexs such as GDP ( it jumped from 3 % in 1990 to 9 % in the undermentioned twelvemonth and once more jumped to 14 % in 1992. This statement can be verified non merely by looking at fluctuating GDP rates of China but besides of many other universe economic systems with fluctuating GDP rates such as India. The writer argues that civilization alterations as a effect of economic development, and some states develop faster than others ( Budeva and Mullen, 2014 ) . However this statement in my point of position is non wholly true as in my sentiment non merely civilization gets influenced by economic development but civilization besides influences economic development. As a state which scores high on self look in comparing to endurance will by and large hold a batch more little investors and enterprisers will be much more willing to take hazards to raise themselves to a criterion of better life thereby forcing the wheel of economic growing in that state. However a state driven by more traditional cultural values will look for safety in every investing and concern dealing they make, and as a consequence may non take appropriate timely hazards and may free out on chances to increase net income borders. In support of my statement â€Å"The extent of corruptness besides varies aggressively bet ween different states and different fiscal civilizations, and this can do profound difference to economic performance.† ( Sen, 2008 ) . Amartya sen in his article civilization and development besides talks about a great sociologist Max Webber’s thesis on the important function of Protestants moralss on in the successful development of a capitalist industrial economic system. The writer besides assumes, people will be more immune to cultural alterations than economic development the 3rd hypotheses is: H3 Changes in economic development will ensue in motion of states across sections more frequently than alterations in national civilization. The consequences of this research finds this hypotheses to be true as a seeable alteration in state bunch can be seen over the decennary based on economic development as the bases of cleavage. Shifts in state constellating with economic growing, as base is much more in comparing to constellating on the bases of civilization. The writer argues that civilization may alter easy, in incremental stairss but it does alteration. The writer argues that alteration in civilization is triggered by the economic system. In the last hypotheses of this research the writer assumes that with the economic development, civilization besides changes, and this leads to reconstituting in sections that we obtain from one period to the other, based on this the concluding hypotheses of this research is: H4 Countries that move from developing economic systems to higher income position will see cultural alterations ensuing in changed cleavage forms. The consequences of this research shows that merely two states show a displacement in state constellating based on cultural factors whereas for state constellating based on economic factors there were a batch more alterations. Thus we can state that cultural factors change really easy in comparing to economic factors. Besides the two states Czech democracy and Spain which changed state sections moved off from economically backward state and became portion of bunchs of economically advanced states illustration Spain joins the section with other European states. As these two states moved from less developed state bunch to a good developed one economically a considerable displacement can be seen in there constellating with civilization as the bunch base. This proves the above stated hypotheses. The sample used in this research paper by the writer includes states surveyed by WVS in both 1990-1991 moving ridge and 1999-2001. The initial sample covered a sum of 34 states but three of them were eliminated due to losing informations and besides west Germany and east Germany is treated as one. The sample used in my sentiment is thorough in itself and can besides be assessed by looking at the consequences of this research paper as it includes states runing variedly in economic development with gross national income ( GNI ) per capita ranging from 380 dollars ( India ) to Sweden with GNI 34,280 dollars. The sample is non merely thorough of economically varied states but besides covers a full spectrum culturally varied 1s ; it covers states all the manner from Japan and Sweden which score high on secular rational values to states like Ireland and Chile. However, one can reason though the study samples used in the WVS survey’s is big and thorough but the figure of states s a whole is little. The writer tries to warrant his pick of utilizing this little figure of states due to fiting demands across two periods and losing informations. Thus we can state that the sample used in this research paper is equal and good informed about the assorted dimensions. But it is deserving giving a idea that had the figure of states used in this research been much more than it is right now, what consequence it would had on the current findings of the research? Is at that place a possibility that some of the hypotheses in the research would hold been dismissed? From the above analysis of the research article we can state that it covers merely a little figure of states due in this research can be seen as one of the restrictions of this research. Besides as secondary beginning of information is used to transport out this research the fact that handiness of economic informations of the states is much more in comparing to the cultural informations and no specific step is present to verify whatever sum of cultural informations is available, could hold lead to some divergences in the consequences of this research matching to the usage of civilization as the base of state bunch. Besides this there is a deficiency of theoretical bases to steer the choice of variables and development of sections. And in conclusion categorization of states on the footing of state sections provides really weak indexs of marketing behaviour in a state. ( Wind and Douglas, 1972 ) . This is because every person is different and generalisation of consumers so widely on the footing of state can supply merely a glance of the expected consumer behaviour in that state. On the other manus this research has some really positive penetrations First, this research makes it possible to prove whether cultural values alter under the influence of certain environmental forces such as economic development. Second, this research piece fills the spread in old literature. The writer explains in the literature reappraisal that traditional researches on international selling cleavage have been criticized for concentrating on economic and cultural variables individually and non on both together. â€Å"a successful cleavage program must bring forth market sections which meet the four basic criteria† sustainability is one of them ( Goyat, 2011 ) . The longitudinal analysis of this research has the possible to cover the sustainability of these two factors and besides tests the kineticss of these two factors overtime. Besides this research peace examines market cleavage utilizing both these bases together and besides tries to happen a nexus between the two. Third, critically it can be stated that demographic may turn out as good bases of cleavage but the mind of the consumers play a important function in finding consumer behaviour. Something to believe about Every consumer has particular demands from the merchandises and services he/she consumes. Segmenting market every bit widely as state sections and generalising even those sections by grouping states with certain economic and cultural factors therefore poses a inquiry whether such broad cleavage would really turn out utile in guaranting an organization’s selling success? If yes, to what extent? Mentions 1. Budeva, D. , G. A ; Mullen, M. , R. 2014, International market cleavage,European Journal of Marketing, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 1209-1238. 2. Goyat, S. ( 2011 ) The footing of market cleavage: a critical reappraisal of literature, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol3, No.9, 2011, pp.45-54 3. Sen, A. ( 2008 ) ‘Culture and Development’ , [ Online ] , Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/6699222/Culture-Development-by-Amartya-Sen. [ Accessed: 1 November 2014 ] . 4. Wind, Y. A ; Douglas, S.P. 1972, International market cleavage,European Journal of Marketing, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17-25.

Essay Sample on Students with Behavioral Disorders

Essay Sample on Students with Behavioral Disorders Students with behavioral disorders exhibit behaviors that teachers and others in their environment find offensive and intolerable. Noncompliance, one of these behaviors, is increasing in frequency of occurrence among children (Walker Sylwester, 1998). The behavior can be displayed by several topographies. Noncompliance is defined as failure to follow a request or standard/rule. This behavior has been identified as one that leads to other forms of maladaptive behaviors, such as vandalism, stealing, and bullying (Walker Sylwester, 1998). Noncompliant behavior is destructive to the student’s success academically at school and socially in the school, home, and community environments. It often leads to power struggles and other negative verbal exchanges, sometimes resulting in physically aggressive behavior. These types of coercive interactions destroy relationships. A survey of 1,100 general education and special education teachers identified that child compliance to tea cher requests is â€Å"the most highly valued form of adaptive student behavior† (Walker, 1986). Compliance to requests and standards/rules is essential for success in the student’s present and future environments. It has a direct impact on relationship, education, and employment. Teacher and staff behavior (Walker Sylwester, 1998; Martella et al., 1993; Umbreit Blair, 1997) curricular/instructional variables (Umbreit Blair, 1997; Clark et al, 1995; and Daepe et al., 1996), and other aspects of the school environment are relevant contingencies affecting student compliance. In fact, these contingencies may serve as setting events and reinforcers for the noncompliant behavior. Research (Daepe et al., 1996; Umbreit Blair, 1997) suggests that difficult tasks may elicit disruptive behavior and lead to the development of escape and avoidance strategies. The noncompliant behavior may serve as an escape or avoidance strategy when the task presented is perceived aversive by the student. Umbreit and Blair (1997) conducted a study regarding the effects of structural analysis on the aggressive and noncompliant behavior of a preschooler at-risk for behavior disorders. The problem behaviors were resolved through program modification. They reported that there is â€Å"the need to examine potentially aversive stimuli within the school program that may set the occasion† for problem behavior. In addition, Walker Sylwester (1998) made the following program recommendations for what teachers and others can do to increase and maintain compliant behavior: provide areas for individual work, provide areas for cooperative work, directions written on the board, star t-up ideas posted, and involve the student in the development of classroom rules, policies, and procedures. The verbal behavior of teachers and others are also relevant contingencies and may serve as aversive stimuli that occasions problem behavior. Walker Sylwester (1998) identified two types of commands, alpha and beta, which are used to usually initiate or terminate behavior. Beta commands usually consist of multiple commands which are vague and usually administered too rapidly for the individual to have time to respond (Walker Sylwester, 1998). Alpha commands on the other hand are â€Å"clear, direct, and specific† (Walker Sylwester, 1998). And result in more compliant behavior. Sometimes noncompliant behavior occurs frequently enough to warrant an individualized and intensive intervention. To do this effectively, variables that are reinforcing the behavior needs to be identified. One such approach which has proven to be effective in incorporating the development of hypotheses which lead to the identification of variables influencing the target behavior is functional assessment (Dunlap et al., 1993). Functional assessment is a â€Å"process of identifying the relationships between environmental events, the occurrences, and nonoccurrence of a target behavior† (Dunlap et al., 1993). This process should be a consideration when noncompliant behavior is serious and persistent enough to require an individualized intervention. One final point that should be taken into consideration if the goal is to improve student compliance is the training of staff. Martella et al. (1993) conducted a study on improving the behavior of a student with severe disabilities through paraprofessional training. The study was intensive and extensive. Results revealed that improvement in the paraprofessional’s skills resulted in improved student behavior. As indicated earlier, the frequency with which students are exhibiting noncompliant behavior is increasing. Teachers and others in the student’s environment may not be able to control the topography of the behavior that is exhibited, but there are many variables that are within their control which exert considerable influence over the probability of compliance versus noncompliance. They must become aware of what these variables are and use that knowledge to promote compliance and set student’s up for success. Teachers and others must also be informed of effective assessment and intervention strategies to use when noncompliant behavior is persistent over time. This is a sample Education essay written by one of our academic writers. If you want to order a custom essay, term paper, thesis, research paper, dissertation or other written assignment contact our company to get professional academic writing help.

Frida Kahlo's Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Frida Kahlo's Artwork - Essay Example The essay "Frida Kahlo's Artwork" analyzes the artwork of Frida Kahlo. Just as she was regaining her life, though, she was struck by a trolley car and again predicted never to walk again. Again, she defied the odds. Although she was able to overcome the largest of her handicaps, Kahlo suffered with pain from this accident throughout the rest of her life and had to have many surgeries that would confine her to bed or leave her buckled into a ceramic cast. Ever the one to overcome hardships, though, Kahlo turned to art as one of the few things she could do from her bed. Perhaps because of these difficult challenges she was constantly forced to overcome, Kahlo was quite willing to experiment with artistic forms. Her marriage to Diego Rivera, who felt her art was the best in Mexico, facilitated an easy acceptance of her brilliance within international artistic circles, but has only recently come to the attention of the greater general public. Comparing some of her self-portraits, such as â€Å"The Two Fridas† and â€Å"The Broken Column† illustrates some of the ways in which Kahlo broke out of the traditional forms. Frida Kahlo is different from any other painters. As she said, â€Å"I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best,† by which she means any paintings that she made were part of her life.The imagery and style Kahlo developed through her work betrays a lifelong struggle to find balance, not only on the surface of her paintings, but within her own being as well.

The Effects of the Boundaryless Career on Individuals, Organisations Essay

The Effects of the Boundaryless Career on Individuals, Organisations and Society - Essay Example The paper tells that a boundaryless career can be defined in its simplest term as a career that crosses multiple boundaries in a non- linear manner or can also refer to career opportunities that extend beyond the boundary of a single employer. This is the direction that most careers in the 21st century have assumed. Globalization and technological advancement have been implicated in transforming the traditional career which assumed the organizational approach to boundaryless approach which entails movement across many employers and defiance of the traditional organizational assumptions that advocated for career advancement and hierarchy. Through intense training and skill development, individuals have been able to increase their productivity through job specialization that is doing what you know best while trying to diversify in order to remain relevant in the job market. It has also increased the social capital of individuals in the workplace. This refers to personal networks one ha s. Individuals have been working hard to increase these networks so as to increase their job security and stability. Boundaryless career also has its share of demerits on individuals. Some of the negative effects it has had on individuals are increased susceptibility to job insecurity or diminished sense of job security. This type of career lacks elements of job security and stability and this is evident because of its unstable nature and the ever-present mobile status. It also lacks steady increase in the level of income like the traditional organizational career. This is mostly contractual and so most of the time income stays constant. It also lacks status derived from positions.

Policing Policies Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policing Policies - Research Paper Example One of the more popular areas where policies have been implemented has been in the issue of policing and the creation of rules that govern law and order (Ratcliffe, 2008). This sector can be said to be one of the most significant areas in which policies have been utilized, and they are the reason behind the ability of law enforcement to maintain order within a society as well as determine the appropriate methods through which those that breach the laws that have been set out should be treated (Stone, 2008). The perspective used to create these policies will determine the methods in which the community will deal with the rules and regulations and those who break them (Peterson, 2005). There are two major policy perspectives that can be studying when broaching this subject; they include problem oriented policing and zero-tolerance policing. Problem Oriented Policing This policy perspective refers to a strategy that focuses on the problem that is being faced in a bid to come up with eff ective ways with which to deal with that specific problem (Taylor, 2007). The strategy involves the analysis of the various crimes that rock the society and then focus on developing solutions that will adequately solve the problem and is based upon ongoing studies to evaluate the progress made, and if the original solution needs to be modified or changed in any manner in order to make sure that the policies developed are successful in their endeavor (Stone, 2008). This strategy believes that by closely studying the problem, one is able to come up with more effective answers and solutions as they are given the chance to gauge not only the problem itself, but its underlying cause as well (Ratcliffe, 2008). By doing this, one is not only able to deal with the problem once it occurs, but determine ways in which the source can be dealt with in a way that will stop the problem from popping up in the first place(Peterson, 2005). The policy can be said to focus more on the effort of crime p revention rather than dealing with the crime itself and aims at working together with the community in a bid to decrease the level of crime rates in the society (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis, 2007). This perspective focuses on research and analysis and strives to prove that the best way of dealing with a problem is determining its cause so as to strike at it from its foundation (Fischer, Miller & Sidney, 2006). Problem oriented policing can be said to function on the basis of â€Å"prevention is better than cure† motto. There are various steps that can be taken when approaching the making of policies from this particular perspective (Ratcliffe, 2008). The process can be presented in over teen steps but can be summarized in just three steps that are taken by those who take part in this particular policy perspective. They include: Identification and Analysis of the Problem The initial step is analysis of the problem before any steps could be taken. The particular problem will need to be closely scrutinized in a bid to sufficiently understand the problem so as to determine the best way to solve it. This can be acheived by going through the various police records as well as interviewing members of the

Difference between Self Confidence and Self Efficacy

Difference between Self Confidence and Self Efficacy When the word self-efficacy is heard, it is often understood as self-confidence by many people. Self-confidence is not the same as self- efficacy. So, what does it mean by self-confidence and self efficacy. According to M. Colman (2002), self-confidence is defined as a trust or assertion in oneself, believing in ones aptitude, making a choice which maybe referring to a general context or to a specific event or doings. Some people recognise self-confidence as self-assurance. On the other hand, according to M. Colman, self-efficacy can be defined as the capability to attain the required outcome. Speaking of perceived self-efficacy generally means that the person has a lot of faith in his or her aptitude that the wanted outcome can be achieved. As mentioned by M. Colman, the concept of self-efficacy was broadly acknowledged in the course of power of Albert Bandura (the founder of the concept Observational Learning) who was born in the year 1925 in Canada but grew up and practised psycho logy in United States of America. This concept of self-efficacy became famous during the 1980s as well as the 1990s, which was later concluded in Banduras book entitled Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, which was only published in the year 1997. According to A. Fast, L. Lewis, J. Bryant, A. Bocian, A. Cardullo, Rettig and Hammond (2010), those with self-efficacy tends to have higher level of desire, higher obligation and are also able to restore themselves after facing with failure better than those with poorer height of self-efficacy. According to Carmona, P. Buunk, Dijkstra and M. Peiro (2008), people with higher levels of self-efficacy tends to view heavy responsibilities as challenge to be tackled other than viewing it as danger or risk that has to be stayed away from at all times. Then arises the second question, does self-efficacy affect performance? For an example, for a person who believes that he or she is very good in mathematics and has all the skills and ability to solve high standard of mathematical problems (especially algebra, trigonometry and calculus); does he or she actually has higher performance level in the mathematics examination at the end of the term? The word performance, according to Hornby (2005) is define as how good or successfully a person carries out an activity. According to M. Colman, the word performance can be understood as the course of administering a series of activities. Carmona, P. Buunk, Dijkstra and M. Peiro (2008) conducted a study on 120 university students, which comprised of 58 Females and 62 Males. The participants in their study were between the ages of 19 to 30 years old (mean age= 22.23 years old). Carmona et al. got the participants to fill up the questionnaire on goal orientation, social comparison responses and self-efficacy (questionnaire entitled Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, which is also known as MSLQ by Pintrich and De Groot, 1990) and were given five EUR each for their willingness to partake in this study. The MSLQ probes on the participants own potential in doing well in their class, course, or their subject. This questionnaire was then matched with the participants second trimester grade (mean of the grade taken) to test on their performance. They found that self-efficacy had a significantly strong positive relationship with performance. In other words, participants with high self- efficacy had high performanc e achievement. The findings of this study do bring substantial understanding as it was conducted among students who should be tested on performance and self-efficacy. This is because students are the people whose self-efficacy is would be different among one another depending on their personality, work load, pressure, family background and so on, thus can be tested against their performance without experiencing any difficulty. In a study conducted by Williams and Williams (2010), the relationship between self-efficacy and mathematics was investigated. This study was done on students ages 15 years old from 33 nations, which includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Indonesia, Thailand, Uruguay and many more countries. One of the measurements used was the Mathematics self-efficacy (how confident are you to solve the mathematical problem were asked). While the other measurement used was the mathematics achievement (open ended question, structured questions and multiple choice questions) where both the measurements were taken from The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 Mathematics Achievement Test, which focuses on self-efficacy students have on mathematics and compare it with their performance in mathematics. They also found that females have lower level of self-efficacy compared to males where the mathematics is concerned. Although this study was difficult to be carried out as the researches had to find the balance between which grades of the 15 year olds from the various countries would easily match each other to ease the process of this study, the findings of this study can well be generalized due to the wide range of participants. A. Fast, L. Lewis, J. Bryant, A. Bocian, A. Cardullo, Rettig and Hammond (2010) carried out a research among 1163 primary school students which comprised Latino, Caucasion, African American, Asian, Pacific Islanders, Filipino and American Indian in California. There were 594 Females and 569 Males in this study. The participants were given the California Standard Test (CST) for Mathematics and the Student Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ). A. Fast et al. found that students with elevated intensity of self-efficacy had elevated marks in their final math exam given at the end of their term. Although this study was focused only on the Californians, yet the significant results obtained can be accepted as the number of participants was large enough. B. Yeo and Neal (2006) conducted a study on 93 psychology students (mean age=19.53 years old). The participants were inclusive of 36 males, 56 females and 1 unknown gender. The participants were asked to whether two aircraft that put in pairs will collide into each other as they are flying or have a smooth journey without colliding into each other. The preciseness and how fast the participants can guess the answer was noted. A exact answer were given up to 40 points while for a wrong answer, 25 points will be taken away. The general self-efficacy was measures using the New General Self-Efficacy Scale by Chen, Gully and Eden (2001). The results obtained showed that the self-efficacy was related to task performance with a significance, p (p

Physical Therapy - An Exciting Healthcare Profession :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Physical Therapy Physical therapy is a fun and exciting healthcare profession that helps people. It is all about helping other people who have problems with their body, muscles, joints and other parts of their body. Patients includes accident victims and individuals with disabling conditions such as low back pain, arthritis, heart disease, fractures, head injuries, and cerebral palsy. Physical therapy will perform an evaluation of your problem or difficulty. They evaluate your problem by performing tests and measures to assess the problem. These tests includes muscle strength, joint motion, sensory and neurological, coordination, balance, observation, palpation, flexibility, postural screening, movement analysis, and special tests are designed for a particular problem. Next, they develop a treatment plan and goals and then manage the appropriate treatment to aid in recovery of a problem or dysfunction. Physical therapists are able to treat their patients by using many different treatments de pending on the type of injury. Some of the treatments are electrical stimulation, hot and cold packs, infrared and ultrasound to reduce swelling or relieve pain. These treatments are used to help decrease pain and increase movement and function. Therapeutic exercises instructions will help restore strength, movement, balance, or skill as a guide towards full functional recovery. Physical therapy provides "hands on techniques" like massage or joint mobilizations skills to restore joint motion or increase soft tissue flexibility. They will focus on basic skills such as getting out of bed, walking safely with crutches or a walker, moving specific joints and muscles of the body. Physical therapists treatment includes patient education to teach them how to deal with a current problem and how to prevent the problem in the future. Such documentation is used to track the patient's progress, and identify areas requiring more or less attention. They encourage patients to use their own muscles. Their main goal is to improve how an individual functions at work and home. Physical therapies do much more of than restore function to traumatize. They work with children with birth defects to overcome to restore movement and independent living. Physical therapy held about one hundred thirty-two thousand jobs in year of two thousand. The number of jobs is greater than a number because of practicing physical therapy become more therapists holds two or more jobs.

Gay marriage speech Essay

Today the topic that is up for debate is gay marriage I will be arguing that gay marriage should be allowed in Australia. My name is Santika I hope that I will be able to show you why gay marriage should be allowed in Australia. I will now define what gay is the meaning of gay is when a person man or women like the same sex. I’ll define what marriage means the meaning of marriage is when two people commit their love in front of friends and family. They become one and if your religious confess their love to god. I will prove to you why gay marriage should be allowed by giving you reasons that will hopefully convince you. Last year the government had said that the gays could get married in Canberra over the weekend and so they did only to have their marriages annulled. 5 days later by the government which is wrong. Because there wasting valuable money on a trip that wouldn’t have been worth it. I’m going to show you statistics on how may people would care if gays could get legally married or not. 64% percent of people say yes to it that’s more then half of the country saying yes so why can’t it happen. It isn’t fair on them because all they want is the same equal rights. But the government doesn’t want to allow it because they don’t see it as being right which is completely unfair. Another point I wish to make is the mardi gras festival if our country can have a festival dedicated to the gays. Why can’t we allow same sex marriage what is the point in this festival I mean the festival shows our government is supporting gays? It is completely wrong and our government should consider allowing same sex marriage. My final point I’m going to make on this issue is that there are a number priests and minsters who support gay marriage. Now as most people would think people of the church are against this issue as the bible. supposedly says that gay people are not allowed and that it’s wrong but surprisingly they support it. Now if people who worship god and don’t get married for god can accept this. Then our government should be able to support it and give  it the go ahead. Just to recap everything I think the government should allow same sex marriage if more then half of this country can do it. If we have a festival for it and priest and minsters that support it then it should be allowed.

Bugs Emotions essays

Bugs Emotions essays Recently in class, we did a study on potato bugs, and how you can tell if they have emotions. I was gone the two days that we did the lab, so I am writing you a small report about my idea about bugs and their emotions. At first, when you think about it, most people would shrug unknowingly and reply, I dont know, or some people just automatically think that they have no emotions. It is a hard question, something that you just cant figure out by thinking. It is something that you have to research, and maybe even do a test on a bug, and see what happens. I have an example that will help my conclusion to the question that was asked. My dad has a fish tank with four small frogs inside. Everyday, he puts some small crickets into the tank for the frogs to eat. Weve sat there next to the tank and watched them eat the crickets, and this is how I figured out that bugs do have emotions. Not every kind of emotion, but simply instinct, which I would consider a type of emotion. You can tell this because when the frogs would be hungry and begin to prey on the crickets, the crickets would respond by standing completely still, or running away. They sense that something is going to happen, so they do the best that they can to stop that from happening. An instinct is something that any form of life has when they are born, Its something thats there, and you might not notice it sometimes. It can be a form of an emotion because you dont really notice your emotions that are there until you need to use them, just like your instinct. You use your instinct when you know that something is wrong or you need help. Your emotions really dont show either until you need to use one of them, say when your upset, then your emotions come out. The way that the crickets acted when the frogs were coming to eat them...they were acting like they knew that something was going to happen to ...

Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Example

Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Example Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Travelodge And Budget Hotels In The Uk Tourism Essay Essay Travelodge is the first budget hotel launched in 1985 in UK. It operates 380 hotels with 26,500 room in the UK. Travelodge is be aftering to turn 1000 more hotels by 2020. It employs above 5500 people and 87 % of the engagement are made online. The UK hotel market is estimated around 700,000 suites ( beginning: Melvyn Gold, Qualification of serviced adjustment supply in UK , December 2007 ) UK hotel market is segmented chiefly into four classs, Brander full service which has 14 % of the market portion, branded budget 12 % branded mid market 62 % and unbranded mugwumps 62 % .the current economic environment has seen addition in bead out of unbranded mugwumps and people prefer to book with branded budget due to web coverage, trade name strength strong balance sheet and distribution. Grant Hearn, Travelodge CEO, commented: 2008 was another record twelvemonth of growing for the Travelodge trade name with over 19 % gross growing . Room sold increased by 9 per centum to 6 million The growing of Travelodge has been unbelievable but company faced a few challenges and one of the major challenge company is confronting is overbooking. Overbooking is one of the of import gross direction tool in hotels operation direction to run efficaciously and heighten profitableness. Gross Management is seen as an of import technique in the hotels operation and hence to maximise their grosss, hotels are progressively implementing Revenue Management patterns ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ) . As a effect of implementing such systems, many companies in the service sector such as hotels consistently overbook capacity in order to maximise the gross at one peculiar point in clip ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . If overbooking is non implemented right it can ensue in loss of room gross, loss of hotel repute, decreased client trueness and lessening hotels profitableness. This study discusses the chief features of overbooking and its impact on the company in theoretical and practical prospective. Theoretical penetrations of overbooking One of the cardinal constructs in Revenue Management is overbooking. The pattern of overbooking can be defined as corroborating more reserves than the hotels available physical capacity to supply the service. ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Ivanov, 2007 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; McGill, new wave Ryzin,1999 ; Kamath, Bhosale, Manjrekar,2008 ) . Hence, the aim of overbooking is to better the expected net income and alternatively of selling each room one time, net income can be increased by selling it several times ( Birkenheuer, 2009 ) . In fact, overbooking as an built-in portion of Revenue Management has received important attending from literature. From a historical position, overbooking is present in the surveies of Falkson ( 1969 ) , Simon ( 1968 ) , Vickrey ( 1972 ) and many others. The major aim of these surveies was to sketch a control pattern for cancellations. Nowadays, overbooking has become an emerging affair in industries with perishable merchandises. It yields considerable impacts on companies public presentation. In footings of the cordial reception industry, the profitableness of hotels is mostly dependent on their use of capacity. Conversely, demand for suites and extensions of stay are really unstable and are difficult to foretell ( new wave Ryzin, 2005 ) . Hoteliers are challenged by how to find the business of suites for clients who are financially unequal and meanwhile maintain a stable rate of demand given the difficult to foretell fortunes ( Okumus, 2004 ) . This is all possible utilizing overbooking, which enables proper allotment of resources and optimisation of gross revenues. However, maximising the figure of sold suites per dark can non be easy accomplished. One of the most ambitious undertakings of the hotel operation direction is to cover with the unpredictable nature of the clients, because non all booked reserves will turn into existent service ingestion ( Lai et al, 2005 ) . To this terminal overbooking may imply a company from the cordial reception industry non being able to function all its clients decently because of lower figure of ab initio expected people that do non look as agreed. In this regard, overbooking may hold both positive and negative impact. On the one manus, it may ensue in refusal to supply a service, but on the other, it can besides take the signifier of compensation for those booking agents, who can non have the value bundle they have agreed on and paid for ( Kimes and Wagner, 2001 ) . From their practical experience directors know that all non engagements confirmed for a peculiar day of the month will be truly used ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . There are several possible scenarios that can do this. Despite of their reserves, because of different fortunes some invitees cancel their stay and end their reserves, some does non call off their engagement but fail to demo up, or other invitees cut down their stay and as a consequence the room remains unsold and therefore capacity non use is lost everlastingly ( Ivanov, 2006, Talluri et Al, 2004 ; Chiang et Al, 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Bitran ; Leon, 1989 ) . Therefore hotels adopt overbooking in order to protect against losingss with no-shows and to countervail the consequence of cancellations and shortened corsets ( Hwang and Wen, 2009 ; Kamath et Al, 2008 ; Selmi, 2008 ; Chiang et Al 2007 ; Hung, 2004 ; Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Impacts of overbooking on hotels operation direction Apart from the chance of the hotel to minimise the consequence of reserve uncertainnesss there are possibilities the figure of cancellations and no shows to be less so the figure of overbookings, so some of the clients will non be accommodated and should be walked to other hotels ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . Therefore, if a hotel decides to use overbooking in its operations it should pull off carefully non merely the chance cost of the unsold room but besides the overbooking costs for alternate hotel adjustment and transit that the hotel has to pay in order to counterbalance a client in instance of overbooking ( Ivanov, 2006 ; Hung, 2004 ) . Besides the apparent fiscal costs happening in instance of walking a invitee holding already booked, costs the lost hotel s good will and repute and the hazards of dissatisfaction, loss of trust, loss of future client trueness are much more expensive for the hotel ( Selmi, 2007 ) . Overbooking policy and control Harmonizing to Selmi ( 2007 ) , the hazard of client refusal appears if the overbooking is no accomplished exactly . In this respect, Kimes ( 1989 ) emphasized on the importance of a clearly stated overbooking policy within the hotel operation direction. The aim of overbooking policy and control is to happen an optimum overbooking degree to maximise the expected gross and to minimise the possible hazard of denied service ( Chiang et al 2007 ) . Netessine and Shumsky ( 2002 ) as cited by Ivanov ( 2006 ; 2007 ) proposed a basic mathematical theoretical account for ciphering the optimum figure of overbookings and harmonizing to his findings the optimum overbooking degree is reciprocally related to the sum of cancellation charges applied the closer the cancellation charge to the room rate, the lower the lost benefit from the unoccupied room and the less stimuli to overbook . In instance of presence of guaranteed and non-guaranteed engagements, Ivanov ( 2007 ) suggests that the optimum figure of overbookings has to be set individually for each type. Alternatively, harmonizing to Hung ( 2004 ) factors that could be considered while puting overbooking bounds include: chances of cancellation and no-show ; room demand distribution over clip and conditions of length of stay ; stay extension chances influenced by the intended length of stay. Furthermore Hung ( 2004 ) assumes that the proportion of cancellations depends on the client class, intended length of stay, twenty-four hours of hebdomad of first stay over, and clip until first stay over. Impact of overbooking on client behaviour Harmonizing to Talluri et Al ( 2004 ) overbooking is often cited in client ailments and remains the primary beginning of dissatisfaction. Furthermore, consequences of an experiment made by Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) confirm that the pattern of overbooking is likely to be perceived as unjust by service clients. Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) analyze behavioural effects of the equity towards overbooking by suggesting and corroborating several hypotheses. Harmonizing to their research the negative effects of service failure originating from overbooking are stronger for the high position client than for the low position clients and hence, hotelkeepers have to carefully overbook its high-values categories . Additionally, Wangenheim and Bayon ( 2007 ) stress on the importance that if a hotel ignores the log-run behaviour effects of overbooking, this may take to negative effects on its operations. One such negative effect is proposed to be a client who faces a denied service due to overbooking and still remains hotels client because of either high fixed exchanging barriers or current trueness rank plans. However, in response to the service failure the client may set its investing into the exchange relationship non merely by diminishing the figure of gross revenues, but besides by seeking to take advantage of price reduction offers or buying lower degree services from the hotel ( Wangenheim and Bayon, 2007 ) . On the other manus, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) analyze the consequence of the sensed equity toward hotels overbooking and compensation patterns by analyzing clients reactions toward hotel overbooking. Some of their most critical findings from this survey are that adult females are more likely than work forces to experience that overbooking is unjust , clients perceptual experiences to the equity of overbooking is non affected by other client variables including length of stay, rank position, remunerator beginning, reserve channel, and reserve clip ; participants perceived equity toward the hotel s overbooking and compensation policies were strongly correlated with positive viva-voce promotion. One of the most of import consequences of the research shows that the sensed equity of the participants toward the hotel s compensation policy is related to their trueness. Therefore, Hwang and Wen ( 2009 ) propose that hotels should see planing compensations that help positively influence cli ents perceived fairness toward overbooking and that encourage clients on-going backing and trueness. In a decision, issues like finding the optimum figure of extra reserves, minimising compensation cost, and covering with the negative effects from clients confronting a denied service are considered as the most ambitious countries of the pattern of overbooking and every hotel endeavoring to maximise its profitableness should non undervalue them ( Sulistio, Kim, and Buyya, 2008 ) . Practical Deductions of overbooking As the cordial reception industry is germinating, hotel proprietors and hotel directors are invariably seeking to update their attacks in order to accomplish optimum allotment of resources. Novelli, Schmitz and Spencer ( 2006 ) have discovered that hotelkeepers make every attempt to use modern-day engineerings in their concern. By this deduction, hotel directors and proprietors do non merely prolong competitory advantage, but besides create new merchandises and services. In position of this, it can be concluded that execution of new engineerings that create new merchandises is a technological invention ( Evangelista, 1999 ) . On the other manus, the execution of advanced engineerings to a service company can hold a important influence in footings of operational efficiency ( Freeman and Soete, 1997 ) . Additionally, Porter ( 1990 ) supports the latter thesis by foregrounding that the public presentation of a company is extremely dependent on new engineerings. In position of technological inventions today many hotels recognize the importance of overbooking pattern and therefore its execution has become by and large recognized measure toward hotels successful operations. The practical application of Revenue Management and Overbooking incorporates the undermentioned built-in elements ( Vinod, 2004 ) : Figure 1 Revenue Management application Degree centigrades: UsersamadDesktopCapture.JPG Beginning: Vinod, B. ( 2004 ) , Journal of Revenue A ; Pricing Management Market cleavage: Segmenting clients harmonizing to their penchants and disbursement forms is a must to do certain the most appropriate clients with absolutely fitted properties are sold the proper suites that can maximise grosss ( Oliveira, 2003 ) . Specifying rate categories ( stock list pooling ) : Involves making groups of the bing rates that close in footings of value ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Demand prediction: demand prediction is indispensable to find room tenancy. In the context of Revenue Management it is of import as it can command tenancy utilizing the information of length of stay. This can be achieved by possessing informations on rate category demand and continuance of stay ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Supply prediction: earlier and late check-out procedures can besides find room tenancy, which is an component besides involved in Revenue Management. Overbooking control: encompasses gross revenues of suites transcending the maximal available figure of suites to countervail for no shows and cancellations. However, there are some hazards associated with overbooking as it may ensue in grudges from unsated clients who have received an inappropriate room. In such instances hotelkeepers offer compensations and periphery benefits ( Smith, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Vinod ( 1992 ) Revenue Management can convey 20 % of the entire grosss. Revenue mix control and exclusion processing: involves be aftering of import hereafter day of the months with discretion and fiting them with overbooking degrees ( Vinod, 2004 ) . Performance measuring and direction coverage: closely size uping the Revenue Management processes is indispensable to track down the information quality and future be aftering footing. However, in order to take a hotel into a victorious way, overbooking has to be managed and controlled really carefully. Ivanov ( 2006 ) defines the direction of overbooking as a set of managerial techniques and activities connected with uninterrupted planning, reserve and control and he outlined two chief groups of activities that should be performed in the day-to-day hotel operation. The hotel directors should on one manus, to specify an optimum figure of overbookings for each day of the month and continuously to modify it harmonizing to the market alterations of the hotel and the specific demand and booking spiels and on the other manus, to pull off carefully determinations and operational activities related with walking invitees with overbookings. In this respect, Ivanov ( 2006 ) proposes that factors such as length of stay, suites rates and client position have to be considered by hotel directors while covering with walking a invitee with confirmed reserve. Additionally, Kimes ( 1989 ) analyzes several managerial concerns indispensable for an effectual overbooking pattern and states that top direction can non presume tha t Revenue Management will merely go on, it requires careful planning and preparation . Therefore employees have to be intensively trained in order to clearly understand the purpose and features of overbooking. Furthermore, employees who are straight covering with overbooking determinations have to be sporadically trained how to act in possible client struggles and to take their ain determinations in an unfamiliar state of affairs ( Ivanov, 2006 ) . In order to be minimized the possible client dissatisfaction in instance of overbooking, it is critical for the hotel to set up service recovery programmes with standardised processs and to do employees to be cognizant and follow them ( Ivanov, 2006 ) For a profitable applied overbooking in the cordial reception industry, hotels must understand non merely consumers behaviour but besides to see the impact of competition and the presently economic state of affairs that imposes important supply and demand fluctuations. As hotels compete with each other in order to pull more clients, Revenue Management determinations of one hotel necessarily act upon the demand for other hotels in the same part or country. However, recent tendencies propose that hotels should join forces with is rivals that consequence in increased figure of formed confederations with each other to maximise their gross ( Chiang et al, 2007 ) Revenue Management s challenges in the cordial reception industry As explained before, Revenue Management finds application to two important industries: cordial reception and air hose. The first one, nevertheless, is much more complex in footings of industry impregnation and suites direction. This creates hurdlings for the optimu m operation of Revenue Management techniques. In the hotel industry Revenue Management can be applied either locally or via centralised system. The 2nd one involves garnering informations and taking determinations from a focal site for other belongingss. In pattern merely a limited figure of hotels and hotel ironss are able to pull off centralized informations processing and hence the bulk of participants on the cordial reception industry opt for belongings based Revenue Management. Recommendations for future research Despite of the acknowledged importance of overbooking as one the most effectual successful Revenue Management techniques used in hotel operation and widely discussed subject in research literature, there are no current surveies discoursing the overbooking direction of Bulgarian hotels and its impact on their operation. Therefore, future research may concentrate on the possible application of Revenue Management techniques to the Bulgarian cordial reception industry. Future surveies may besides concentrate on the demand side of Bulgarian touristry as the state has witnessed fluctuating visitant rates during the past two decennaries despite the turning net incomes generated by the peculiar industry. Decisions In order to last in the ferocious competition and to bring forth more gross while utilizing the same sum of resorts it is necessary and critical to the hotels operation direction to utilize efficaciously its reserve stock list and to increase its tenancy rate ( Hung, 2004 ) . Revenue Management techniques and the theoretical accounts of overbooking if applied suitably would maximise the grosss of hotels ( Kamath et al, 2008 ) . However, the possibilities of client dissatisfaction, and hazard of loss of repute because of denied service, force many hotels to avoid the pattern of overbooking. Therefore, before hotel directors to deicide whether or non to implement overbooking they should first see what Birkenheuer ( 2009 ) explained the best appraisal of hazard and chance will supply the best net income . In this survey we have outlined the dynamic nature of service industries and have demonstrated the importance of Revenue Management and most notably one of its most important facets overbooking. We have narrowed the range of this research down to the cordial reception industry and have found major differences in the demand patterns towards such companies in the former industry. Some clients prefer flexible cancellation footings, while others are non much attentive to that. Hoteliers offer differential pricing to their ain advantage to fudge against fluctuating demand. We have besides found that permutation is one of the most effectual method of pull offing overbooking patterns, but yet a cost/benefit analysis must be performed in order to track down the existent effects. Basically, within the current dynamic determination doing state of affairs in the cordial reception industry, overbooking degrees have been found to hold important gross maximising belongingss. In position of this, through this survey we have discovered some of the main direction aims that could be achieved through overbooking in the model of Revenue Management: net income maximization ; capa city allotment ; maximization of mean gross per client ; maximization of net present value ; and minimisation of client grudges. Finally, as cordial reception industry on a planetary graduated table is a aggregate volume-driven concern, overbooking has become an emerging subject as vacant suites do non convey any net incomes. However, possibly even more important remains the job how to pull off client letdown, in instances they can non be relocated to similar hotels as a consequence of overbooking.

Information System in Public Sector Organizations Essay

Information System in Public Sector Organizations - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that with the emergence of modern information technology, firms and government agencies no longer need to take place in the hierarchy. Contrary to the bureaucracies in the past that adopted command and control as well as the inadequate distribution of information, innovation in information technology has made firms and governments to effectively organize what can be done during their day to day operations. Within the public sector organizations, information technology was primarily adopted to automate existing operations and to increase the speed of communication. E-government has therefore positively impacted on the performance of the organizations. This meant that the paperwork and people were replaced by electrons. Before the introduction of internet and extensive use of personal computers, the major objective of technology use in government was enhancing the management effectiveness of the administrators while at the same time increasing the government productivity. With the diffusion of personal computers in the 1980s, public administrators were provided with personal information technology system, leading to a new period of IT use in government systems. On the other hand, learning as a process has positively impacted on the knowledge management. Through learning within the public organizations, knowledge has gained sufficient momentum. Despite the positive implications of e-government and learning, public sector organizations are faced with quite a number of challenges. This paper seeks to discuss the challenges of the implementation of information system in public sector organizations, using the concepts of e-government and learning in theory and in practice. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) were noted to have a strong impact on the way the public administrators performed their duties. For instance, ICT assisted in service and information delivery, the creation of a networked structure for interc onnectivity, effectiveness and efficiency interactivity, decentralization, and accountability among other aspects. E-government entails utilization of internet and the World-Wide-Web to deliver government information and services to citizens.

Waterboarding and Torture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waterboarding and Torture - Essay Example Torture refers to an act in which there is the infliction of suffering and severe pain, which may be mental or physical. The main objective of inflicting this pain encompasses obtaining information for a crime they may have committed. Numerous debates have arisen over whether waterboarding can be regarded as torture; in my opinion, waterboarding can be considered to be torture. Hostettler (2011) asserts that the use of this method to obtain information form suspects constitutes torture because it inflicts severe mental and physical suffering. Persons who undergo this form of torture have their minds and personality destabilized. Furthermore, their senses as well as mind undergo profound alteration, which results from the torture they experience. In addition, waterboarding violates the Geneva Convention, which states that war prisoners should always be treated humanely. Article 18 of the convention prohibits any form of coercion as well as mental and physical torture. Another reason why waterboarding constitutes torture is because the person under torture is in the custody of the one inflicting the pain. Thus, the victim of the torture cannot be able to rescue himself from the situation since the interrogators con trol him